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0Бюллетень науки и практики /Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
UDC 630*561.24 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91/07
AGRIS F40
CURRENT STATUS AND TAXONOMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE NATURAL DENDROFLORA OF THE HIRKAN NATIONAL PARK
©Huseynova A., Institute of Dendrology of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan, [email protected]
СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТАКСОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ПРИРОДНОЙ ДЕНДРОФЛОРЫ ГИРКАНСКОГО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПАРКА
©Гусейнова А., Институт дендрологии министерства науки и образования
Азербайджанской Республики, г. Баку, Азербайджан, [email protected]
Abstract. The current state of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park was analyzed, an inventory of natural and cultivated plant species was carried out, the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs, dominant species, and the distribution areas of the studied plants were comprehensively studied. In the forest ecosystem of Hirkan National Park, the area where the plants live change in several directions. In the deep layers of the forest, the sun hits a small amount. The level of illumination depends on the composition, age, density and geometric dimensions of the trees and shrubs that make up the forest. Depending on the amount of light, more or less shade-tolerant species grow in the lower tiers of the forest. Hirkan National Park has undergone anthropogenic impact in recent years. The forest usually consists of 2-3 tiers.
Аннотация. Проанализировано современное состояние природной дендрофлоры Гирканского национального парка, проведена инвентаризация природных и культурных видов растений, всесторонне изучено влияние климатических изменений на биоразнообразие, таксономический состав деревьев и кустарников, доминирующие виды, ареалы распространения изучаемых растений. В лесной экосистеме Гирканского национального парка условия местности, где обитают растения, изменяются в нескольких направлениях. В глубокие слои леса солнце попадает в небольшом количестве. Уровень освещенности зависит от состава, возраста, густоты и геометрических размеров деревьев и кустарников, составляющих лес. В зависимости от количества света в нижних ярусах леса произрастают более или менее теневыносливые виды. Гирканский национальный парк в последние годы подвергается антропогенному воздействию. Лес обычно состоит из 2-3 ярусов.
Keywords: flora, taxonomy, edificators, rare species, relict species, range, plant strata, climate.
Ключевые слова: флора, таксономия, эдификаторы, редкие виды, реликтовый вид, ареал, ярусы растительности, климат.
Introduction
In the flora of Hyrcanus, 1204 species of higher plants are known. There are 174 species of trees and shrubs in the Hirkan National Park, of which 36 species are relict and endemic. Hyrcanian
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Бюллетень науки и практики /Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
flora mainly consists of Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Alnus barbata C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., etc. A special place is occupied by tree species, many of which are relicts [9]. The average age of these trees is 120-150 years. In the forests of Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. and so on. Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Gleditsia caspia Desf., various creepers (ivy species) are widespread. Species Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L. are the main edificators in Hyrcanian forests [5]. Evergreen plant species in these areas are Buxus hyrcana Pojark., Ilex hyrcana Pojark., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. forms an undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow usually in the lowland and foothill zone, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. mainly on riverbanks and wet ravines Ilex hyrcana Pojark. forms undergrowth in oak and beech forests. At the same time, endemic trees and various plants listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Azerbaijan are widespread in this area.
Material and methods
Vegetation in research Kh. M. Safarov [1], rare and endangered species T. S. Mamedov, E. O. Iskendarov [2, 3], distribution area of V. S. Farzaliev, E. S. Shukurov, G. M. Safarov [4], "Azerbaijani flora" and S. K. Cherepanov [5] were used to identify plants, the layers of V. Ch. Gadzhiev [6], climate P. P. Posokhov and K. S. Asadov [11], systems. APC. III-IV (https://goo.su/aYhgpPj), endemic, relict species of G. F. Akhundov, I. S. Dzhafarova [7, 8] and literature materials [9] were used.
Analysis and Discussion
The flora of Hyrcanus is geographically rich in flora elements of different types of habitats. Here a special place is occupied by elements of plant groups of boreal and Mediterranean origin.
The territory of the Hirkan National Park has a humid subtropical character due to its natural climate.
The average annual rainfall is 1200-1600 mm. The maximum temperature is +40°C in summer and the minimum is +2-3°C in winter [10]. It is for this reason that this area is rich in elements with endemic and numerous relict vegetation dating back to the Tertiary period. More than 1200 species out of 4500 higher plants grow in the Hyrcanian forests, about 170 species out of 450 trees and shrubs distributed on the territory of the republic, of which 36 are relict and endemic species [7, 8].
The seasons influence the structure of the Hyrcanian flora and species richness, under the canopy of trees and shrubs, ephemeral plants flourish in early spring and bloom until the trees are covered with leaves. After the end of the growing season in summer, the aerial part of the ephemera dries up until the next spring. Usually, such plants are not found around conifers. Ephemerals cannot grow because they lack sunlight in a shaded garden.
Humidity and temperature regime of the Hirkan National Park varies depending on the evaporation of water by plants. Under mesa conditions, most of the water evaporates into the atmosphere through plant leaves. As a result, humid climate conditions are created. Disintegration of the earth's surface at a high speed, the presence of steep slopes, climatic and water factors cause erosion processes here. Washing out of the soil after heavy rains can lead to the formation of heaps of stones and outcrop of rocks.
The main reason for the formation of layering in the Hyrcanian forest is light, heat, and
Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
humidity. Therefore, plants are located in the forest in several tiers. Ecological factors, soil, spelling, genetic factors play a key role in the formation of vegetation. A noticeable difference was observed in height, leaves and fruits of trees in tiers (Figure) [6; 12].
Figure. General view of the Hirkan National Park
On the territory of the Hirkan National Park, partial thinning and changes in area were recorded compared to previous years. The reasons for the reduction in plant areas are determined, the criteria for danger, biological characteristics, and the reasons for changing natural resources are investigated.
Although the territory of the Hirkan National Park is not very high in the vertical zone (up to 1000 m), as you climb the mountains from east to west, you can notice that the forests change in the vertical zone: in the lower part, mainly Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus betulus L., Parrotia pérsica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Diospyros lotus L., Pterocaryapterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. and so on. Forests dominated by Albiziajulibrissin, Durazz., etc. are widespread [11].
With increasing height, mainly Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., partly Quercus castaneifolia C. A. May. decreases, they are replaced by Fagus orientalis Lipsky forests. In the forests of the National Park Dryopteris Adans., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana (Pojark.) Takht. Various creepers of the Lesser Caucasus, Ilex hyrcana Pojark., are widespread. The names of most of these plants are listed in the Red Book of Azerbaijan [10].
Hyrcanian flora is dominated by Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L.
Buxus hyrcana Pojark., Ilex hyrcana Pojark., Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench, etc. were noted in the study areas. They form undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow usually in the lowland and foothill zone, Danae racemosa (L.) Moench. More common along riverbanks and in damp ravines, Ilex hyrcana Pojark., in oak and beech forests. Sometimes Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Carpinus betulus L., Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, Acer campestre L. form a small range in river areas [4].
The vegetation cover of the banks of Khanbulanchay is not the same, despite the fact that they are at the same height. In the southern part of the Khanbulan River, the composition of vegetation is changing. Carpinus betulus L. Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., abundant, Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey. and relatively less the trees are almost completely covered with Hedera pastuchovii Woronow. In the Hyrcanian flora, Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow dominates among the plants forming
Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
the undergrowth in the lower layer. Parrotia persica (DC) C. A. Mey. the forest exists. Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. May in the forest. Young trees with straight trunks of a typical height of 25-28 m make up the majority. Forest edges usually contain Mespilus L., Crataegus Tourn. ex L., Prunus L., and in places blackberry bushes Ficus hyrcana Grossh., Punica L., Rosa L., Smilax L. and Periploca L. form an insurmountable barrier. Sometimes in eroded areas, around rocks, on very large areas along the edges of the forest, the genera Quercus L., Parrotia C. A. Mey., Carpinus L., Fagus L. dominate, evergreen shrubs in the forest: Ruscus hyrcanus, Ilex hyrcana, Danae racemosa evergreen undergrowth forms a tier [2, 3].
The shrub layer forming the undergrowth consists of Mespilus L., Crataegus Tourn. ex L., Prunus L., sometimes Cydonia oblonga Mill. consists of Hedera pastuchovii Woronow, Rubus raddeanus Focke, Periploca graeca L., Smilax excelsa L., Vitis sylvestris C. C. Gmel. were found throughout the territory where our studies were carried out. creepers can be found.
Taxonomic composition of plants APC. It is assigned according to the III-IV system (Table) (https://goo.su/aYhgpPj ).
Table
TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION, LIFE FORM AND ORIGIN OF SOME PLANTS OF THE HIRKAN NATIONAL PARK
№ Family Genus Species Life form Homeland
i Fagaceae Quercus L. Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey. tree Azerbaijan
2 Asparagaceae Ruscus L. Ruscus hyrcanus G. Woronow shrub Northern Iran, Europe, Caucasus
Danae Medik. Danae racemosa (L.) Moench shrub Asia Minor, Caucasus
3 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex hyrcana Pojark. shrub Lesser Caucasus
4 Hamamelidaceae Parrotia C. A. Mey. Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey. tree Azerbaijan
5 Fagaceae Fagus L. Fagus orientalis Lipsky tree Greater and Lesser Caucasus
6 Castanea Mill. Castanea sativa L. tree Southern Europe, Asia Minor,
l Ulmaceae Zelkova Spach Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel tree Central, Southern China, Western Asia, Caucasus
8 Juglandaceae Pterocarya Kunth. Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk. tree Caucasus, Northern Iraq
9 Juglans L. Juglans regia L. tree Iran, Afghanistan, China
10 Betulaceae Alnus Mill Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. tree Asia Minor, Caucasus
ii Rosaceae Prunus L. Prunus divaricata Ledeb.) tree Greater Caucasus
12 Cydonia Mill. Cydonia oblonga Mill. tree Asia Minor, Caucasus
13 Crataegus L. Crataegus Tourn. ex L. shrub North America, Europe
14 Mespilus L. Mespilus germanica L. tree Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe
15 Sorbus L. Sorbus boissieri C. K. Schneid. shrub Asia Minor, Caucasus
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Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
№ Family Genus Species Life Homeland _form_
16 Rubus L. Rubus raddeanus Focke shrub Eastern Caucasus
il Apocynaceae Periploca L. Periploca graeca L. liana Mediterranean countries
18 Smilacaceae Smilax L. Smilax excelsa L. shrub Asia, America
19 Araliaceae Hedera L. Hedera pastuchovii Woronow liana Greater Caucasus
20 Vitaceae Vitis L. Vitis sylvestris C. C. Gmel. liana West Europe
21 Ebenaceae Diospyros L. Diospyros lotus L. tree Caucasus, Asia
22 Betulaceae Carpinus L. Carpinus betulus L. tree South America
23 Buxaceae Buxus L. Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana Takht. shrub Azerbaijan
24 Fabaceae Albizia Durazz. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. tree Iran, Turkey, SouthEastern Azerbaijan
Gleditsia J. Clayton Gleditsia caspica Desf. tree Azerbaijan, Iran
25 Sapindaceae Acer L. Acer campestre L. tree Central America, South Asia
26 Acer velutinum Boiss. tree Azerbaijan, Iran.
2l Taxaceae Taxus L. Taxus baccata L. tree Europe, Africa
28 Tiliaceae Tilia L. Tilia caucasica Rupr. tree Caucasus, Crimea, Asia Minor
Conclusion
An inventory of natural and cultivated plant species has been carried out, the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs, dominant species, and distribution areas of the studied plants have been comprehensively studied.
The ranges of most species in the Hirkan National Park have changed compared to previous years, and some plant species have multiplied, and the gene pool of some of them has been threatened. The forest usually consists of 2-3 layers: the first layer is Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L., Populus hyrcana Grossh. comprises. Second layer — Parrotia persica (DC.) C.A. Mey., Acer velutinum Boiss., Ulmus minor Mill. etc. consists of species. In the third layer, Pterocaryapterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex Iljinsk., in some places Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. prevails.
Species Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L. are the main edificators in Hyrcanian forests. In these areas, the evergreen plant species Buxus hyrcana, Ilex hyrcana, Ruscus hyrcanus and Danae racemosa form the undergrowth. Ruscus hyrcanus usually forms undergrowth in lowlands and foothills, Danae racemosa more often on riverbanks and damp ravines, and Ilex hyrcana in oak and beech forests.
As a result of the monitoring, the taxonomic composition of the tree and shrub flora of Hyrcanus was studied, from 54 species of tree and shrub plants belonging to 21 genera, for 28 seasons at different stages of plant development.
Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 9. №6. 2023
https ://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
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Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice https://www.bulletennauki.ru
Т. 9. №6. 2023 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91
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Работа поступила в редакцию 22.04.2023 г.
Принята к публикации 30.04.2023 г.
Ссылка для цитирования:
Huseynova A. Current Status and Taxonomical Composition of the Natural Dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park // Бюллетень науки и практики. 2023. Т. 9. №6. С. 73-79. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91/07
Cite as (APA):
Huseynova, A. (2023). Current Status and Taxonomical Composition of the Natural Dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park. Bulletin of Science and Practice, 9(6), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/91/07
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