CC BY
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12. Basati God's Order: Rules and Foundations of Mathematical Training and its Applications, Dar Al Ma'aref, Alexandria. 1998, p. 118.
13. Life of Sudan Ibrahim: physiology of member functions, University Youth Foundation, Alexandria. 2009, p. 55.
14. Kuznetsova Z., Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Khalikov G., Zakharova A., 2015. Athletes preparation based on a complex assessment of functional state. In
Submitted: 02.02.2018 Received: 05.02.2018
Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. 156-160 (Scopus).
15. Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Kuznetsova Z., 2017. Diagnostics of Functional State and Recerve Capacity of young Athletes' Organizm. In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. 111-115 (Scopus).
Author's information:
Charbi Belkacem - Dr., Teacher and Lecturer, Class A, Institute of Physical and Sports Sciences and Techniques, University Zian Achour, Djelfa, Algeria, Director of the Laboratory of the Sport System in Algeria, e-mail: s.khader@ mail.univ-djelfa.com
Khader Salih - Dr., Teacher and Lecturer, Class A, Institute of Physical and Sports Sciences and Techniques, Member at the Laboratory of Prevention and Drug Control Strategies in Algeria, University Zian Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
Rahmoun Tahar - PhD., Student, Institute of Physical and Sports Sciences and Techniques, University Zian Achour, Djelfa, Algeria, e-mail: khseps2012@gmail.com
For citations: Charbi Belkacem, Khader Salih, Rahmoun Tahar. Comparative study of maximum consumption of oxygen and the efficacy of the respiratory system of the half-long-distance runners (800 meters), The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 115-120. DOI 10/14526/01 2018 294
DOI 10/14526/01_2018_295
CRYO-MASSAGE IN REHABILITATION OF SPORTSMEN AFTER OPERATIVE THERAPY OF LUMBAR SPINE INJURIES
Ruslan R. Vadutov — Postgraduate Evgeniy V. Bykov - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Olga I. Kolomiets - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor "UralState University of Physical Culture", House 1, Ordzhonikidze Str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
E-mail: 2677489@mail.ru
Annotation. The number of lumbar spine injuries among sportsmen increases and very often it is surgical indication. The main objectives of rehabilitation during postsurgical period are not only invalidization prevention or decrease, but also rehabilitation processes acceleration, which is very important for sportsmen. The standard of rehabilitation after surgical fixation of the lumbar spine (LS) includes therapeutic exercises, massage and physiotherapy, which during postsurgical period of rehabilitation cause timely pain and edema increase. Such kind of symptoms can be leveled with the help of cryo-massage. Materials. 30 patients-sportsmen in neuro-surgical department of Sverdlovsk regional clinical hospital (16 men and 14 women at the age of 24±4,2 years old) after
120
operative treatment of LS, since the first days after operation, fulfilled therapeutic exercises (30 min.) (1 group), in the experimental group (2 group) cryo-massage was used. Cryo-influence [till -3 ° C]was realized with the help of Med4-Ellit system, patented technology HACA - for edema, local metabolic disorders decrease and a safe anesthesia without drugs. Cryo-influence in the experimental group was used right after surgical intervention and then before therapeutic exercises. Research methods: the results of rehabilitation were estimated according to clinical and biomechanical tests, functional X-ray study of spine; speed of walking (m/sec.), intensity of pain syndrome according to questionnaire-test "VASH". Results. Rehabilitation effectiveness is proved by hypertonia of paravertebral muscles decrease (from 93,3% to 20%); motion restriction decrease in lumbar spine (from 66,6% to 6,66%); leveling pelvic organs disorders (from 3(10%), to 0); the absence of induced "position" mindset (from 53,33% to 6,66%); radicular pain decrease with irradiation according to dermatomas (from 93,3% to 6,66%) before and after cryo-massage. Conclusion. The results showed that early use of cryo-massage after operative therapy of lumbar spine injuries provides quicker rehabilitation of the injured tissues, 90% of patients were able to return to a training process one month after a surgery.
Keywords: sportsmen, operative therapy, physical rehabilitation, cryo-massage.
Introduction. The number of injuries among sportsmen increases [8,14,16,18,]. The most vulnerable places are spinal-motion joint (SMJ) of the lumbar spine (LS) [20], which is the reason for surgical indication [3, 12]. The main objectives of rehabilitation during postsurgical period are rehabilitation processes acceleration and invalidization prevention [19].
According to modern clinical observations [11,13,21], cold influence provides local inflammation decrease, decreases tissue hypoxia, removes muscle spasm, improves regional bloodstream and microcirculation. It is known that low temperatures considerably decrease lymph flow during cooling with further speed of lymph flow rebound with rearmament, as it is shown in the models of animals [1]. In a similar manner decreases arterial and venous blood flow, when cryotherapy is used [15]. However, there are some discrepancies concerning the type of vasodilatation, which comes after an intensive vasoconstriction. There are the facts of a cyclic reaction, which consists of alternating enlargement and contraction [9], other scientists inform about a slow and steady vasohypotony [5]. Nevertheless cryotherapy is used for sports injuries rehabilitation and also for rehabilitation acceleration between a training process and competitions [2, 7]. Regenerating potential of cryotherapy, as it is supposed, is based on anaesthetic, antihydropic,
antiphlogistic, relaxing and also general effect, which leads to skin and tissues temperature decrease [6]. The standard of treatment and rehabilitation [19] in case of surgical dynamic fixation of the lumbar spine (LS) includes therapeutic exercises, massage and physiotherapy, which during postsurgical period of rehabilitation cause timely pain and edema increase. We can suppose that such kind of symptoms can be leveled with the help of cryo-massage.
Material and research organization. 30 patients-sportsmen, who go in for Alpine skiing, artistic gymnastics, motor and auto racing, were examined in neuro-surgical department of Sverdlovsk regional clinical hospital (16 men and 14 women at the age of 24±4,2 years old) after operative treatment of LS. During the first days after operation before therapeutic exercises the respondents had hand lymphatic drainage (the 1st group) or local cryo exposure (the 2nd group). Therapeutic exercises were held by the instructor on the staff, who had 6 years of work experience. The duration of therapeutic exercises was 30 minutes, 10 sessions in accordance with general recommendations of treatment and rehabilitation [19]. Cryo-influence [till - 3 ° C] was realized with the help of Med4-Ellit system, patented technology НАСА [4], with low-profile bandages, which provide 360-degree coverage, great surface of contact for cold therapy optimization of the main parts of the
body and anatomically projected for better conformity and comfort. All this improves the results of influence and increases satisfaction with rehabilitation process. Med4-Ellit system creates its own long-term cold in order to increase vasoconstriction, decrease blood flow, inflammation and edema, muscles spasm, local metabolic disorders and also in order to anesthetize without drugs. Cryo-influence (10 minutes) in the experimental group was used right after a surgical treatment and then before therapeutic exercises.
Research methods: For rehabilitation results estimation clinical and biomechanical tests, X-ray study of spine, including functional X-ray study. Spatio-temporal characteristics of walking study among patients was held according to speed of walking determination (m/sec.), intensity of pain syndrome was revealed with the help of questionnaire-test "VASH". The received results of each group of the respondents were handled with the help of traditional biostatistics methods [17]. The average values, mistakes of the average and calculation and the respondents distribution in percentage. As the values distribution inside each group was normal, validity of differences according to average-group values was revealed with the help of Student's criterion (t) and in features distribution with the help of Fisher criterion (F). 95% level of validity was accepted (t>1,96 u F>4,09).
Research results. The indicators of treatment/ rehabilitation effectiveness are the following: the absence of pain syndrome, volume of movements increase, the absence of motional and sensitive disorders, capacity for work renewal.
Clinical research works estimation -vertebral and radicular pain syndromes demonstration and biomechanical studies among the patients with LS injuries in dynamics, before the operation and 3 weeks after the course of physical rehabilitation are presented in table 1. Patients' clinical-functional state analysis showed that the groups were comparable according to clinical symptoms intensity before rehabilitation.
Pain syndrome decrease in LS and the lower extremities from 8,8 ± 0,5 till 2,0 ± 0,5 points before and after the course of physical rehabilitation with cryo influence. An adequate decompression of the roots in spine and the use of therapeutic exercises elements together with cryo-massage caused radiculopathy decrease and the volume of movements increase in spinal-motion joint (SMJ).
Spatio-temporal walking
characteristics study among the patients revealed the following differences from normative indices [table 2]. Speed of walking was decreased till 0,74 m/sec., which was 56% from the norm. The length of the step and duration of a double step decreased 1,3 times in the average to 14% and after the course of physical rehabilitation the indices of walking characteristics were close to a norm. During roentgenogram of LS analysis in lateral projection it was stated that functional prostheses use, therapeutic exercises and cryo-massage during rehabilitation period helped to increase the amplitude of movements in LS twice (stoop and stretch) and preserve physiological volume of movements in spinal-motion joint (from 4,0 ± 0,26 till 9,6 ± 0,40 before and after rehabilitation).
Conclusion. The results of rehabilitation among sportsmen after surgical treatment of LS with therapeutic exercises and cryo-massage use showed that early application of cold provides emotional tension decrease before therapeutic exercises, sense of fear decrease, provides readiness for early vertical adjustment, quicker rehabilitation of the injured tissues, working capacity of sportsmen rehabilitation. During the period of rehabilitation there was radiculopathy decrease and the volume of movements increase, SMJ stability was renewed, 90% of patients returned to a training process one month after a surgery without any restrictions. The prospects of further research were in distant results check of the offered rehabilitation program among sportsmen after surgical treatment of LS injuries.
Table 1
Symptoms dynamics of vertebral and radicular pain syndromes (clinical studies) among the
patients before and after rehabilitation treatment
№ Symptoms Number of the research works before operative treatment (%) Number of observations after physical rehabilitation (%)
1 gr. (n=15) 2 gr. - cryo (n=15) 1 gr. (n=15) 2 gr. - cryo (n=15)
Vertebral pain syndrome
1. Hypertonia of paravertebral muscles 93,3 93,3 53,33 20
2. Induced pose mindset 53,33 53,33 20 6,66
3. Restriction of movement in lumbar spine 66,6 66,6 20 6,66
4. Changes of pace 93,3 93,3 53,33 6,66
Rad icular-pain syndromes
1. Root pains with spread over dermatomas 93,3 93,3 33,3 6,66
2. The function of pelvic organs disorders 20 20 6,66 0
3. Motional and trophic disorders 66,6 66,6 33,3 6,66
4. Sense of touch disorders and pains in dermatomas 93,3 93,3 33,3 6,66
Table 2
Dynamics of podograpic parameters among sportsmen after operative treatment of LS injuries
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Parameters Before operation After rehabilitation
1 gr. (n=15) 2 gr. - cryo (n=15) 1 gr. (n=15) 2 gr. - cryo (n=15)
Speed of walking Norm 1,31(m/sec.) 0,74±0,002 0,74±0,002 0,73±0,002 1,30±0,01*
Length of the step Norm 70,0 (cm) 53 ± 1,2 53±1,2 55±1,2 69 ± 1,7*
Double step duration Norm 1,22 (sec.) 1,4 ± 0,01 1,4±0,01 1,38±0,02 1,2 ± 0,01*
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Author's information:
Ruslan R. Vadutov — Postgraduate "Ural State University of Physical Culture", House 1, Ordzhonikidze Str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Evgeniy V. Bykov - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor "Ural State University of Physical Culture", House 1, Ordzhonikidze Str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Olga I. Kolomiets - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor "Ural State University of Physical Culture", House 1, Ordzhonikidze Str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: 2677489@mail.ru
For citations: Vadutov R.R., Bykov E.V., Kolomiets O.I. Cryo-massage in rehabilitation of sportsmen after operative therapy of lumbar spine injuries, The Russian Journal of Physical
THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.1 2018 _ISSN 2588-008X ISSN 2588-0225
Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical
Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 120-125. DOI 10/14526/01_2018_295
DOI 10/14526/01_2018_296
CHALLENGING THE GENDER BINARY IN SPORT: THE SPECIAL CASES OF CASTER SEMENYA AND DUTEE CHAND
Jeffrey O. Segrave - PhD
Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
E-mail: jsegrave@skidmore.edu
Annotation. Sport has long been an important site for affirming beliefs about male-female difference, celebrating heterosexual masculinity, and legitimizing male power and privilege in society. Sports remain one of the few activities in contemporary liberal cultures in which sex segregation is not only expected and accepted, but mandated and policed. Materials. In the article questions of gender ideology in sport are based on a simple binary classification model whereby all athletes are classified as either male or female. In fact, envisioning arenas of organized sport that do not rely on the rigidly defined and defended gender binary remains a challenge in the sex-segregated world of western society. Research methods. Scientific literature analysis and summarizing, specialists (sphere of gender relations) advanced pedagogical experience analysis and summarizing, observation, abstraction. Results. In the article the results of two elite sport women - athletes are discussed. Both athletes highlight the issues associated with the hegemonic gender binary in sport and call into question the efficacy and integrity of sex testing in sport. Both, despite being raised, treated, and identified as women, were faced with the unenviable choice of either taking hormone-suppressing drugs or having surgery - or retiring from sanctioned elite sport. The author determines sight problems, associated with the current "female fairness policy" [8]: policing femininity is unfair because human bodies cannot be divided into two discrete categories; basing women's eligibility on appearance invites discrimination, discourages women's participation in elite sports, and encourages women to use gender makeover strategies to look feminine as defined by "Western" cultural standards; the testing and treatment requirements are unfair to women who lack access to the medical resources of the West; the policy can have harmful psychological effects on women who are told they are not "women enough" to compete in highperformance sport; by suggesting that testosterone is the only factor that identifies sex, the policy ignores numerous other biological factors that gives an advantage to elite athletes as well as research that has shown that neither hyperandrogenism nor testosterone levels accurately predict success in sport; the policy ignores unfair differences in access to resources, such as, training, coaching, technology, facilities, and nutrition, which influence performance more than testosterone; the policy undermines the inclusion of intersexed and transgendered athletes because they can easily be identified as "suspicious"; the policy ignores hormones as a source of unfairness in men's sport, even though hormones are influential in men's athletic performance. Conclusion. Clearly, we need a new approach to defining gender in sport, one that respects athletes' rights to bodily integrity, privacy and self-identification, and promotes inclusivity. Numerous scientists recommend that if a person believes she is female, is raised as a female, is identified as a female by those who know her and is legally recognized as a female in her nation, she should be able to
