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МИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА
САРГСЯН К.С.
КРИТЕРИИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АНТИКРИЗИСНОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ
Аннотация. В статье обосновывается, что в кризисных ситуациях основная нагрузка и ответственность в управлении социально-экономическими процессами и за обеспечение бесперебойной деятельности всей экономики ложатся на органы государственной власти.
Также отмечается, что в рамках этого процесса государственные власти разрабатывают мероприятия как по выходу из кризиса, так и их предотвращению, а также в направлении ограждения экономики от резких спадов. Антикризисное регулирование основывается как на отечественном, так и на ранее накопленном зарубежном опыте. Разработка государственной антикризисной политики предполагает использование накопленного опыта относительно ранее имевших место кризисов (например, какие кризисы имели место, каковы были глубинные причины их возникновения, какие последствия они вызвали). С этой целью целесообразно рассмотрение в рамках антикризисной политики всех возможных проявляющихся аспектов и тщательный анализ для правильного и эффективного противодействия кризисам.
В зависимости от особенностей и глубины воздействия кризисов, наблюдаемых в отдельных странах, а также границ их распространения, государственная антикризисная политика проводится с определенными особенностями. Однако, следует отметить, что несмотря на это, можно разработать подгруппу обобщенных методов и критериев отбора инструментов, которую можно применить в различных странах при выборе инструментария антикризисных мероприятий в рамках государственной антикризисной политики. В статье рассматриваются разные аспекты антикризисной политики государства, основные проблемы сушествуюшие в этой сфере и подходы к совершенствованию антикризисных мероприятий для повышения их эффе ктивности.
Ключевые слова: государственная антикризисная политика, мировой финансово-экономический кризис, экономика, мероприятия, совершенствование, эффективность, инстументы, критерии.
SARGSYAN ^.
CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES OF ENHANCING EFFECTIVENESS OF STATE ANTI-CRISIS REGULATION
Abstract. The article justifies that in times of a crisis the main burden and the responsibility for managing socioeconomic processes and ensuring smooth performance of the whole economy is on the public institutions. It is noted that within these process the public the authorities design measures both for fighting a crisis, and their prevention, and for preventing severe economic downturns as well. Anti-crisis regulation is based on the both experience of the own country and the practices applied by the other nations. The design of crisis response or mitigation relies on background information on previous crisis (for example: types of crisis reported, their cause-roots and the aftermath). For this purpose it it is reasonable to apply a comprehensive approach: to consider all possible outcomes and carry out a detailed analysis to order to fight the crisis with well-crafted measures.
Depending on the characteristics and the negative impact of the crisis reported in different nations, and their transmission, the state anti-crisis policy needs to be implemented by considering specific characteristics. However, it should be noted that regardless this fact, a sub-set of generalized methods and aggregates (indicators and/or criteria) could be designed to be applied in selecting the respective policy toolkit for crisis response measures within the state anti-crisis policy.
The article discusses various aspects of the state anti-crisis policy based on issues that still need to be addressed in this area and approaches to improve crisis response measures to increase their efficiency.
Keywords: state anti-crisis policy, the Global Financial and Economic Crisis, economy, measures, improvement, efficiency, tools criteria
The history of development of economic relations provides evidence on the fact that the crises are integral part of the social-economic development. Crises, happening after definite time periods, occur in any kind of social-economic system independent of their peculiarities and character of manage-
ment.
Anti-crisis regulation constitutes a system of regulative measures on diagnosis, anticipation, neutralization and overcoming crisis and their reasons at every level of economy [1].
Anti-crisis regulation at the level of state power supposes foreseeing and continual monitoring of crises, analysis of their essence, peculiarities and reasons of their rise, cultivation and further elaboration of effective methods toward soothing the negative impacts of crises.
State economic regulation or the state economic policy in market economy can be presented as a system of model measures of executive and controlling character, implemented by competent state institutions and public organizations with a view to stabilizing and adapting the existing social-economic system to the changing conditions [2] In the course of this process the state authorities cultivate measures aimed at both overcoming and preventing crises, as well as protecting the economy from drastic recession. In the period of crises the major burden of responsibility in regulating the social-economic processes and also for the maintenance of uninterrupted functioning of the whole economy lies on the state authorities. The latter act as both organizers and coordinators of economic, financial, legal, organizational and managerial measures toward overcoming crises at both macro and micro economic levels.
In the array of instruments under the state's disposal there exist a wide range of means and methods of regulating crises in the following directions of normative-legislative activities: finances; industry; redistribution of income [3]. Anti-crisis measures executed by the state authorities are targeted at providing stability at the level of both the whole eonomy and specific organizations and household economies and at creating precondition of economic growth. State anti-crisis policy to a great extent is directed toward most vulnerable sections and spheres in terms of economic crises. On the other hand state's major concerns will be how to financially support specific enterprises, to stimulate and assist aggregate demand of goods and services of domestic production in domestic market, to guarantee common weal, to fiancially support the most vulnerable layers of society and finally to improve the business environment by carrying out economic and adminstrative reforms and eliminating the barriers in this environment.
To implement anti-crisis policy, wide scale financial resources are invested by the state, yet sometimes the state initiates expansion of the sector of economy to solve state and social problems of strategic importance in the context of financial-economic crises.
The main aim of the state anti-crisis regulation is the formation of an effective system between the state and the economy which will guarantee rapid and efficient overcoming of crises occurring at micro and macro levels.
Anti-crisis regulation is based both on domestic and accumulated foreign experience. Elaboration of state anti-crisis policy should also rely on the application of the accumulated experience obtained from recent crises (for instance, what types of crises took place; what were the causes of their occurrence and what were the after-effects). With this aim it is expedient to consider and thoroughly analyze all possible aspects of the anti-crisis policy for correct and effective fighting back of crisis.
Forms, methods and toolkit of state anti-crisis policy are constantly changing in the course of time.
In the light of the aforementions, let us try to refer to the world financial-economic crisis which began in recent past, in 2007 and shook the economic and political basis of the world. This crisis occurred in the condition of high level of economic globalization and in the result it rapidly penetrated into new countries revealing the shortcomings of the financial-economic systems of various countries of the world and spheres of their regulation.
World financial-economic crisis was characterized by a huge number of negative manifestations, among which the major ones can be considered the following:
- Drastic reduction of prices for immovables, which simultaneously became one of the main incentives of the crisis. It was conditioned by the fact that the high prices were unjustified as they were formulated on the basis of the real supply and demand but rather, they resulted from speculative deals which accounted for the collapse of the market.
- Mass capital outflow from the developing countries to the developed ones. The latter accounts for the fact that in the condition of the reduction of prices for immovables there emerged serious problems with liquidation, as a result the investors hurried to resell their assets at low prices. In the
Саргсян К.С.
КРИТЕРИИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АНТИКРИЗИСНОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ_
meanwhile, in the developing countries their sales prices were even lower compared to the prices in the developed countries.
- Considerable growth of budget deficit which has been caused by the fact that many states had to direct state budgetary means to industrial and financial organizations, which found themselves on the verge of insolvency as a result of problems with liquidation;
- Formation of a condition of recession on an international scale. It first appeared in the developed countries, then rapidly spread in the developing countries. In this situation the investments rapidly fell down as a result of the negative expectations on the part of the potential investors and the society. On the other hand, as was mentioned already, the problem of liquidation was also actual. In various countries this condition was accompanied by drastic job cuts and rising unemployment. And the latter should not be surprising. As in the condition of crisis the enterprises chose to reduce expenditure. Since the disposal of assets was problematic at that period, the quickest way to reduce expenses was the job cuts.
- Improvement of the US dollar position in relation to other currencies in the condition of crisis, when on a global scale the purchase and sale of assets of enterprises and financial organizations was carried out in dollars, which caused considerable growth of demand and consequently rise of the dollar. [4]
Imperfect anti-crisis state policy brought to a condition when in the initial stage of the crisis its measures were spontaneous. Governments of the developed countries made efforts to stop the rapid expansion of crises concentrating their attention majorly to the solution of the following problems:
a/ to save financial institutions from bankruptcy
b/ mitigate the economic downturn trying to avoid reduction of production volumes [5].
In ideological and conceptual sense it was a policy of revival of Keynesian economics, the expansion of which took place simultaneously with the deployment of crises and implementation of anticrisis measures. The majority of the latter contradicted to once stable political traditions and overspread economic thinking. Nationalization of banks, as well as huge volumes of financial injections into the economy have blurred out the boundaries between the liberals and the conservatives, between the right and the left wings, between the socialists and capitalists, between the proponents of Keynesianism and Monetarism [6]. In the light of this the phrase "We are all Keynesians now", which appeared on the cover of the Times in the 1960s, regains actuality as far as Keynesianism is regarded as symbol of state regulation. This is particularly true if we consider the final conclusions of the Summit of G20 on the financial crises, held in 2009 in London, as one of the main causes of the crises large scale failures in the financial sector both in terms of regulation and supervision were mentioned.
The analysis of the domestic and external medium of social-economic system, as well as the highlighting of the analysis of major factors influencing the economic processes, allow to define and reveal crises in advance. In the meanwhile, the cultivation of a complex program of most effective anticrises measures will essentially alleviate their negative influence on the state's social-economic system. In the condition of economic crises each country, proceeding from the level of its economic development, as well as from the existing social and political situation, implements unique approaches to regulating the economy, including the issues of cultivation and elaboration of tax instruments.
Nevertheless, there are certain economic regularities that occur independently at every stage of the economic cycle. For instance, in the period of recession drastic slump in gross demand can be avoided or at least its excessive reduction can be prevented by reducing the tax burden. This kind of measure will stimulate investments, the importance of which should not be underestimated in the period of economic recession [7].
It is worth mentioning that depending on the peculiarities, the depth and the boundaries of expansion that the crises manifest in different countries, the state anti-crises measures may take various forms of implementation. Nevertheless, our research allows us to conclude that there can be developed a subgroup of generalized methods and criteria in the choice of the tools that can be applicable in many countries.
In regard to the main substantial criteria of the choice of anti-crisis measures, the following are to be mentioned:
- orientation to supporting the real sector of the economy;
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- stimulation of aggregate demand;
- financial support to companies in hard economic condition;
- defense of domestic market and interests;
- social orientation of the anti-crisis regulation;
- orientation to development of scientific-technical and human potential;
- maintenance of stability of the financial market and structures;
- maintenance of availability of credit resources;
- expansion of the system of state guarantees;
- effective distribution and redistribution of state resources.
From our point of view the following principles of elaboration and implementation of the state anti-crisis measures cen be highlighted:
- accurate definition of the aims of anti-crisis measures;
- avaiability of a clear-cut schedule of implementation of anti-crisis measures;
- scientific justification of anti-crisis measures;
- legal security of anti-crisis regulating measures;
- information support of anti-crisis measures;
- publicity and transparency of adoption and implementation of anti-crisis measures;
- financial support of anti-crisis measures;
- regular control over the implementation of anti-crisis measures and their periodocal revision depending on the state-of-affairs in the given period.
To sum up, let us note that the success of anti-crisis measures executed by the state is highly dependant on to what extent appropriately the above mentioned criteria and principles were applied.
Литература
1. Антикризисное управление: Учебное пособие / Рук. авт. колл. проф. И. К. Ларионов. — 2-е изд., пере-раб. и доп. — М.: Издательско-торговая корпорация «Дашков и Ко », 2004. —с.15 (292 с.) (на русском языке)
2. Маренков Н.Л. Антикризисное управления для студентов вуза. Серия «Шпаргалк». Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2004. -c.89-90 (224 с.) (на русском языке)
3. Кошкин В.И. и др. Антикризисное управление: 17-модульная программа для менеджеров «Управление развитием организации». Модуль 11. — М.: «ИНФРА-М», 1999. - c.23-25 (560 с.)(на русском языке)
4. Аганбегян А.Г. Кризис: беда и шанс для России, М., АСТ, Астрель, 2009, с.46 (на русском языке)
5. Арутюнян В.Л. «Мировой финансово-экономический кризис: причины, антикризисные мероприятия и уроки», Ер., Изд-во ««Гитутюн» НАНРА , 2009г., 146с. (на армянском языке)
6. Торнилл Дж. Год политики ,,шоколадной коробки,,//газета,,Файнэншел Таймс,,, 24 дек.2008, с.6 (на английском языке)
7. Саргсян К.С. Реформы налоговой системы в РА в контексте антикризисной политики.Сборник ма-териаловVIII международной научно-практической конференции, Экономика и Управление: анализ тенденций и перспектив развития Новосибирск 2013, стр. 184-189 (на русском языке)
References:
1. Anti-crisis Management: Educational Manual, Ed. Larionov, I.K., 2nd edition, revised with additions, M.: "Dashkov and Co "publishing and trading corporation, 2004, p.15( 292 pages,) (in Russian)
2. Marenkov, N.L., Anti-crisi management for university students, "Shpargal" Series, Rostov-on-Don, Pheniks, 2004, pp.89-90 (224p) (in Russian)
3. Koshkin V.I., and others, Anti-crisis Management: 17-module program for managers, Module 11 "Managing the growth of organization ", M.: Infra-M, 1999, pp. 23-25(560p.) (in Russian)
4. Aganbekyan, A.G., Crisis: Misfortune and Chance for Russia, M., AST, Astrel, 2009, p.46 (in Russian)
5. Harutyunyan V.L, The global financial crisis: Reasons, the Anti-crisis Measures and Lessons Learnt - Yerevan, National Academy of Sciences "Science" publishing house, 2009, p. 146. (in Armenian)
6. Thornill J. A year of chocolate box politics // Financial Times. 2008. Dec.24,p.6. (in English)
7. Sargsyan K.S., Reforms of the tax system in the Republic of Armenia in the context of Anti-crisis Policy, Proceeds of the 8th International Scientific-Applied Conference, Economics and Management: The Analysis of Trends and Perspectives on the Development, Novosibirsk, 2013, pp. 184-189. (in Russian)
