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COMPLEX SUBORDINATE SENTENCES IN THE SURAH «THE COW» OF
THE QURAN: FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
1 2 1 N.G. Mingazova , R.R. Zakirov , V.G. Subich
1Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
Russian Islamic Institute, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
nailyahamat@mail.ru
Submission Date: 25.01.18 Abstract
The article deals with the analysis of the complex sentences of the Holy Quran as the basis of the whole grammatical system of the Arabic language on the material of the surah "The Cow". Complex sentences consist of principal and subordinate clauses that differ functionally: the first being an independent utterance, the latter being a part of the smallest utterance. Linguistic and statistical analyses revealed all types of complex sentences in the surah studied with the predominance of those with the adverbial modifierclauses (61 %) mostly of real condition (36 %) and time (25 %). The lowest frequency is shown in the functioning of complex sentences with the adverbial modifiers of manner (0,002 %). The other types (complex sentences with object (20 %) and attributive (19 %) clauses as well as with the adverbial clauses of place (0,04 %), reason (0,08 %), purpose (0,04 %), effect (0,03 %), comparison (0,06 %), concession (0,07 %) and unreal condition (0,04 %)) are less frequent. Key words: the Quran, functional approach, complex subordinate sentences, attributive, object, adverbial clauses, Arabic
INTRODUCTION
Complex subordinate sentences in the Arabic language were studied in the works of the Russian Arabic scholars (Shagal V.E. [1983], Ushmanov N.V. [1985], Grande В.М. [1998], Kovalev А.А., Sharbatov G.Sh. [1999], Zakirov R.R. [2006], Lebedev V.G., Tureva L.S. [2007], Khalidov B.Z. [2013], Zakirov R.R., Mingazova N.G. [2014], etc.), according to which a complex subordinate sentence is a syntactical structure, obtained as the result of the combination of two or more sentences, based on the subordinate connection. The parts of the subordinate complex sentence are inequitable: one part is the principal (main sentence), the other is a dependent part (subordinate sentence). Complex sentences consist of principal and subordinate clauses that differ functionally: the first being an independent utterance, the latter being a part of the smallest utterance. The investigation of complex subordinate sentences in the text of Quran, as a certain model of the Arabic language, is relevant
since the grammar of the modern literary Arabic language is based on Quran's materials, making for authenticity of the research. The Quran has been studied from different perspectives: the Quran's p hraseology, in particular, was studied in Ushakov V.D. (1996), Zakirov R.R., Mingazova N.G. (2014) and other works. This research is devoted to the functional analysis of the Quran's complex subordinate sentences of different types providing the quantitative data. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Functioning of the complex subordinate sentences of the Arabic language was studied in the ayats of the surah called "the C ow", which showed relatively high frequency of the following types of complex subordinate sentences:
1) complex subordinate sentences with an object clause;
2) complex subordinate sentences with an attributive clause;
3) complex subordinate sentences with adverbial clauses of different types:
- of time;
- of place;
- of reason;
- of purpose;
- of effect;
- of manner;
- of comparison;
- of concession;
- of real condition;
- of unreal condition.
In "the C ow" surah, 133 complex sentences with an attributive clause of two types were found: with conjunctions ^S (which), ^ (which), (which) - 110 and without them - 23. E.g.:
(21) ffi ¿iff <> ffii ^ jjijpj o-UJt In this ayat, the subordinate attributive clause is expressed with the help of relative pronouns and 0^1, meaning 'which'. The word, to which the subordinate clause is related, is expressed by a noun in the definite state; after a past tense verb is used, while 0^1 is followed by a nominal part with a preposition. In the Quran, the complex subordinate sentence with an attributive clause and relative pronoun is realized in the following ayat: E.g.:
(47) q^UJI ^ ffi^aa Jjj ¿jfc ¿¿¿S ¿Uij 1jj£j1 ¿yjtjL.)
In this ayat, the subordinate attributive clause is expressed by means of the relative pronoun (which). The word, to which the subordinate clause is related, is expressed by a noun in the definite state; after a past tense verb is used. The "C ow" surah is primarily characterized by the fact that the complex subordinate sentence with an attributive clause is used with relative pronouns and ú£ií after which the verbs of present and past tenses are found.
In "the Cow" surah, the complex subordinate sentence without conjunctions is
realized in the following ayats:
E.g.:
In this ayat, the subordinate attributive clause is expressed by a noun in the definite state, followed by a nominal sentence with a negative particle after which there is a name in the accusative case (vj^*); the subordinate attributive clause is preceded by the words which define it. E.g.:
.(281) úJ^k tf fij CífJL 1* $ JbS p ifo AjÍ ¿J*». 1J5&1J In this ayat, the subordinate attributive clause, used without a relative pronoun, is expressed by a noun in the indefinite state in the accusative case (vj^*) after which the verb in the present plural form is used; the subordinate attributive clause is preceded by the words which define it.
Analysis of the complex subordinate sentences with an attributive clause indicates that in the given surah subordinate attributive clauses with relative pronouns ^ -^1 - útí^ are prevailing over the ones without conjunctions (83% and 17% respectively).
As for complex subordinate sentences with an object clause, in "the Cow" surah, we pointed out 120 sentences of the two categories: with the conjunctions ¿í and ú! (both meaning ' that'); the second being prevailing. E.g:
.(77) 1*J ÚJJ^ 1* ffiá ^ ¿i ÚJA&á ^jí In this ayat, the subordinate with an object clause is fulfilled by the conjunction ¿i (that) after which there is the subject of the subordinate clause, represented by a noun in the accusative case (vj^*) in the definite state. E.g.:
.(25)jl¿&°1 ú* ^Jh alk # ¿i pulpit JJLPJ tjLí J^iJ
This ayat is represented by the subordinate with an object clause, introduced by the conjunction ¿í (that) after which there is the subject of the subordinate clause, expressed by a personal pronoun.
E.g.:
.(69)0ij£UJ1 I4JJ 5-ill frljLa ajjb l^j JjL ^Jj Jl! l^J U li QJJ UJ ¿¿1 1 jJll In this ayat, the subordinate with an object clause is introduced by the conjunction 6! (that) after which there is the subject of the subordinate clause, expressed by a fusional personal pronoun.
In this case, the verb 1Jl! (said) represents reported speech; instead ¿S the conjunction ¿j is used; the subordinate with an object clause in this ayat follows the principal. E.g.:
.(247)lik ^jik ¿si ¿J J! 6j Jl!,
The verb J! (to say) in this ayat is preceded by reported speech; instead of ¿S the conjunction ¿j is used; the subordinate with an object clause follows the principal, which is represented by the noun in the accusative case (v-J^") in the definite state. Analysis of the complex subordinate sentences with an object clause reveals the dominance of the subordinate with an object clause used with the conjunction ¿j -73%, whereas the conjunction ¿S has been found in 27% of all examples. Found in the Quran are also the complex subordinate sentences with adverbial clauses: - subordinate adverbial clauses of time (98), which are attached to the principal by means of:
a) conjunctions Op ,1ij , Ujjj, Uis (if the subordinate clause shows the simultaneity of the main sentence and the subordinate);
J! 0
b) conjunctions ¿i ¿S (if the action of the main sentence takes place after the action of the subordinate);
c) conjunctions ¿S ^Jj ...¿J li (if the action of the main sentence takes place before the action of the subordinate);
d) double conjunctions ...6 li (when the second action goes right after the first);
e) conjunction words, formed from names with temporal meanings, accompanied by the accusative case without a tanwin: fJj, ^ .
In the Arabic language, subordinate adverbial clauses of time might either preceed or
follow the main sentence.
E.g.:
.(11) ¿jsUifli ¿¿J UJj 1jJl! pP^ J Jj! 1jjj
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of time is combined with the principal by means of the conjunction (when); the subordinate clause shows the simultaneity of the main sentence and the subordinate; the conjunction is followed by the past passive verb.
E.g.:
.(55) (jj&S li^ « ¿3 L'J—J pa j)j_ In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of time is attached to the principal by the conjunction ...j) (till, until, unless); the action of the principal precedes that of the subordinate clause, which takes place after the principal; the conjunction is followed by a present tense verb. E.g.:
.(221) 1&J Vj lutL ^ AJJJ ¿¿a AJ llat ^J^Jl IaA^i IA3 Uij
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of time is combined with the principal by means of the conjunction L*3; is positioned before the principal and is followed by a past tense verb with a fusional personal pronoun. E.g.:
.(230) aj£ ¡¡^ ¿>* A3 ^ ^ ^ (a In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of time is combined with the principal by means of the conjunction the action of the principal is prior to that of the
subordinate clause and is positioned after the principal; after the conjunction a present tense verb is used in the subjunctive mood, which is determined by the diacritic mark of the fatkha
Analysis of the complex subordinate adverbial modifier of time sentences in "the C ow" surah reveals the dominance of the subordinate adverbial modifiers of time with the conjunctions lj - 33%, while the conjunction is found only in 11% of the sentences; 56% of the sentences are accompanied by other particles to be found to a less frequent degree.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of place (15), are attached to the principal by means
of the following conjunctions: p. ^3) , &.
E.g.:
UaJA UjiJ aja^Jl aJA Ujij UJI^ —a, litj I4.L £k3l «ijjj ¿¡i ¿&<l ftftj IJSJ
.(35) ¿¿¿3lk .(58) IJCQ ffidi —¿j l^L ljSSa ^¿jaJl aJA lJijl u3l j)j
In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clause of place is attached to the principal by means of the conjunction —it is followed by a past tense verb with a fusional pronoun in the plural number. E.g.:
.(149) ^ljaJl AalwJl ji^ «^ij Oja ¿¿ji —a. ¿-j .(199) faj JJ& (^l <>U3l pHii —a. lj^ai p
In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clause of place is attached to the principal by means of the conjunction ¿p Oi after it a past tense verb is used before the main sentence (the 1st case) and in the middle of the main sentence (the 2nd case). Analysis of the complex subordinate adverbial modifier of place sentences in "the Cow" surah reveals the dominance of the conjunction ¿p. - 67%, while the conjunction ¿p 0* is observed in 33% of the examples.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of reason (33), which are attached to the principal by means of the following conjunctions:
a) ¿V, J, UJ, ¿S U> ,j!
b) prepositional phrases J^j), —."jjjkJ, J with the conjunction ¿S 0). E.g.:
.(34) ¿«j!1^! 0* ¿l*j Jyi3Li1j ^ji (jl^ ^ 1 1 ,¿4^1 lil! jj,
.(72) ¿>¿£2 ¿itf li j^j^ ljjfl ¿jjj1Jlfl llJij ¿M Ijj
In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clauses of reason denote the reasons of the action of the principal or explain it, combining with the principal by means of the conjunction jj (as soon as, because), which precedes a past tense verb and the principal. The subordinate adverbial clauses of reason precede the principal, realizing the cause-and-effect relations.
Analysis of the com lex subordinate adverbial modifier of reason sentences in "the C ow" surah reveals only the examples with the conjunction jj.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of purpose (15) are attached to the principal by means of the following conjunctions:
a) negative conjunctions:
b) positive conjunctions: J ,6V
c) without conjunctions.
The subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose sentences in the Arabic language may
either precede or follow the principal.
E.g.:
¿u£ tiki li, ¿ijlc JjLu.JJ1 ^jij, ^Ic. 1 JJjiJ lk^j ^ij ¿Sliki ¿UJSJ
^l^ li, ^¿A Sfj Sjj-iJ ¿ul£ ¿jjgj.vttc ^Ic —jjj QAi JJ^JJ1 ^-UJ Q* ¿IxiJ Sfj l^jlc
.(143) ¿ja>j uaj^jJ p-liJlj ^ (¿j ¿¿iJl^j frj^ajJ
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose is attached to the principal by means of the conjunction J; registered in this ayat are three subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose sentences with the given conjunction. The action of the principal precedes that of the subordinate clause, which is why the subordinate clause is used after the principal; after the conjunction J a present tense verb in the subjunctive
mood is used, which is defined by the shortening of ¿ (in the first case), and by the
fatkha (^as!) that shows the subjunctive in other cases.
E.g.:
pililJ ¿jij ^¡UJ sjla^u ¿iAjij 1JJJ! ¿jj& li ¿¿j—J f1JAJ1 j!a2u i J JJJ! ¿iO-*1 ¿j— QiJ .(150) (¿jJJ^ ¿^J ¿ijic JAJ ¿JVJ ¿AJ^L ^ ¿4ii Vj ¿ijic
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose indicates the aim and the purpose of what is stated in the sentence, being represented by the negative conjunction ^JJ and the conjunction J; the action of the principal is prior to that of the subordinate clause, positioned after the principal. The mentioned conjunctions are followed by a present tense verb in the subjunctive mood, which is defined by the diacritic mark of the fatkha (^a!). E.g.:
(42) ¿-Alx] ¿JJij JaJ) 1 jAiJj JLl-Jlj 1 VJ
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose indicates the aim and the purpose of what is stated in the sentence by means of the present tense plural of the verb in its shortened form and does not contain conjunctions. The action of the principal is prior to that of the subordinate clause, positioned after the principal. Analysis of the complex subordinate adverbial modifier of purpose sentences in "the C ow" surah has shown the dominance of the conjunctions ^JJ - 20%, J - 20%, 6 -33% and the examples without conjunctions - 27%.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of effect (13), attached to the principal by the following conjunctions:
а) ¿jAj, lAi;
б) prepositional groups: —-"J , J 1j& , J lJ^jJj with a conjunction ¿S (¿S). E.g.:
.(3) ¿JiiJ ¿AliSjj lAi, ^jjAjSJjj —j*lj ¿-ii. 0^1
This ayat represents the subordinate adverbial clause of effect in combination with the conjunction lAi (that); the conjunction is followed by a past tense verb with a fusional plural pronoun. The subordinate adverbial clause of effect follows the principal.
Analysis of the com lex subordinate adverbial modifier of effect reveals that in "the Cow" surah it is only the conjunction lAi which is used.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of manner (1) is attached to the principal by means of the conjunctions U."—, ¿A
E.g.:
(42) ¿J&J ¿JJij 1 jAijj Jfal-L 1 J"-] VJ
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of manner points to the adverbial which is related to the action and state of the principal, being introduced by the conjunction j; the subordinate adverbial clause of manner is represented by the nominal sentence, following the principal.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of comparison (26), attached to the principal with the help of the conjunctions IaS, lll«, ¿is (¿is (, lA- , ( lis((lis (
E.g.:
.(3) ¿JaiiJ (fAlii^J^j lAuj S^S-LaJl ¿jAjajj —JUL ¿jJ3l In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of comparison is represented by the conjunction lA« (than); it is followed by a past tense verb with a fusional personal plural pronoun and preceded by the principal. E.g.:
.(13) ¿jA*j V ¿£3j £l$ii»3l fA (¿j) V'i »i^iLJl ¿>1 us ¿«Ji lJl! <jij3l ¿«i lis lJul (¿3 ¿¿i lj)j
.(108) iW">Jl ^l^ ¿pa JJjjj ¿-j JJ! l^jU D^ lJiLu ¿i (¿jJjjJ fi
.(183) ¿J^ fikJ fi£§ j. ¿¿jjJl L> —s us ^i^l fSjk —s lju ¿¿jjJl l^itj In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clauses of comparison are represented by means of the conjunction IaS after which past tense verbs are used; in the last two cases past passive verbs are used. E.g.:
¿¿3 ¿Lta. AlU A ■■ JS Jjlim frim ¿lui J1US JJJ^i ^a f43lj«> (jjAiiJ ¿jjJl J1«
.(261) jL-lj
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of comparison is realized by the conjunction JIaS (like smth.); it is followed by the indefinite noun in the genitive case (jjj^u) and preceded by the principal.
Analysis of the complex subordinate adverbial modifier of comparison reveals that in "the C ow" surah there is the dominance of the conjunctions IaS - 46%, lA- - 50%, and J1AS - 4%.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of concession (27), which are attached to the principal by the following conjunctions:
а) lj) j, ¿) j, ¿3 j, ¿i t«, ( ¿« f^llj , ¿¿i pj;
б) general indefinite pronouns:
^, L« .
E.g.:
.(11) ¿J-L^ lAJ) lj3l! o^jSfl Jl ljiuiS (¿3 Jj! l jjj
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of concession is represented by the conjunction lj)j , followed by a past passive verb, which precedes the principal. E.g.:
(23).iSJ1^ (fjiS ¿) ¿jj ¿i fSplJ^ ljc^lj AAU ¿U S^JLUJ ljjla lj.bc- L& li3jj lAu ¡j ^a ^jiS ¿)j
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of concession is represented by the conjunction ¿j,; after it a past tense verb is used, preceding the principal. Analysis of the subordinate adverbial clause of concession sentences reveals that in "the C ow" surah there is the dominance of the conjunctions 1 jjj - 37% and ¿j, - 48%.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of real condition (154), which are attached to the principal via such conjunctions as 1 jj or ¿¿j.
E.g.:
.(24) OJjSlilJ ^¿ci SjlAaJtj 6"liJ1 USj!J JJ1 jUJt 1 jSSl! 1 Jya ¿J, 1 jkii ¿J ¿l!
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of real condition is represented by the conjunction ¿¿j after which a shortened present tense verb is used with the negative particle ¿J. The subordinate clause precedes the principal, whereas the verb of the response is combined with the fusional particle ¿a. E.g.:
.(112) ¿jjjAj ¿A VJ ¿^.jic ¿¿J® VJ Ajj ¿ic ¿j» Al! ¿"Ai JjAjj ¿ft A^j., ¿1LS Qi In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of real condition is combined with the pronoun Oi after which a past tense verb is in action. The subordinate clause precedes the principal, while the pronoun of the response is combined with the fusional particle E.g.:
.(282) —ijJj ftj-Sil! Ji Jj oJjj ¿JiJUJ 1 jj ijiit l#J
In this ayat, the subordinate adverbial clause of real condition is introduced by the conjunction 1 jj after which a past plural verb is used with a fusional personal pronoun. The subordinate clause precedes the principal and the verb of the response is accompanied by the fusional particle ¿a.
Analysis of the complex subordinate adverbial modifier of real condition reveals reference to such conjunctions as ¿j - 34% and 1 jj - 21%, as well as the pronoun ¿Oi - 45%.
- subordinate adverbial clauses of unreal condition (16), which are attached to the principal by the combined conjunction J...J .
E.g.:
.(20) JJJ! J£ ^ic ¿lAAjl^, —AiJ ¿l^ JJJ
.(220) ¿ji— jjjc & ¿j ¿US jJj
In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clauses of unreal condition are introduced by
means of the combined conjunction J____JJ, after the subordinate clause the past tense
verb of the principal is accentuated by the positive particle J. These sentences show
the precedence of the subordinate clause in its correlation with the principal.
E.g.:
J* ^ J* ji ^ if* ^ -i i jt W £
(64)OJJ*U|IL.J1 Qi ¿JiiJ AJA—JJ ¿¿ijlc J, VJi! "Jj JXJ Oi ¿Jjlj] ¿J
.(251) ^ic J,! Jj Qij <00^1 jjAjH ¿i ¿JiS VjJj
In these ayats, the subordinate adverbial clauses of unreal condition are expressed by the combined conjunction VjJ after which the indefinite noun in the nominative case (¿j!ji) is used; the past tense verb of the principal is accentuated by the particle J. The principal in these sentences follows the subordinate clause. RESULTS
The functional analysis of the complex subordinate sentences studied on the material of the Quran revealed the predominance of complex subordinate sentences with an adverbial modifier of real condition as it is seen in Table 1:
Table 1. The ratio of complex subordinate sentences' functioning in the surah "The Cow"
complex subordinate sentences number percentage
1. with an attributive clause 133 20%
2. with an object clause 120 19%
3. with adverbial clauses: 398 61%
of time 98 25%
of place 15 0,04%
of reason 33 0,08%
of purpose 15 0,04%
of effect 13 0,03%
of manner 1 0,002%
of comparison 26 0,06%
of concession 27 0,07%
of real condition 154 36%
of unreal condition 16 0,04%
Total: 651 100%
CONCLUSION
The quantitative results of the complex subordinate sentences' study on the basis of the surah "The C ow" of the Holy Quran could be presented in figure 1. The main three types of complex subordinate sentences (with an attributive clause, with an object clause and with adverbial clauses) are revealed with the adverbial clauses being predominant and with an object clause being less frequently used.
BS
Complex subordinate sentences' ratio in the surah "The Cow"
■ l.with attributive clause
■ 2. with object clause 3. with adverbial clause
Figure 1: Complex subordinate sentences' ratio
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Information about the authors
Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Nailya Gabdelkhamitovna Mingazova
Kazan Federal University
420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18
Russia
nailyahamat@mail.ru
Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Rafts Rafaelevich Zakirov Russian Islamic Institute 420049, Kazan, Gazovaya Str., 19 Russia
zakrafis@mail.ru
Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Vitaly Glebovich Subich
Kazan Federal University
420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18
Russia
svitalyl @mail.ru
