COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN MODERN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

Jalalova S.J. bachelor degree student Chirchik State Pedagogical University

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN MODERN

ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Annotation. The term "parts of speech", though firmly established, is not a very happy one. What is meant by a "part of speech" is a type of word differing from other types in some grammatical point or points. There is the question about the mutual relation of the criteria. One cannot be sure in advance that all three criteria will always point the same way. This article interprets similar aspects of words in modern Uzbek and English, in particular, similar and similar aspects of word categories in Uzbek and English, giving information about their importance in the study of a foreign language.

Keywords: parts of speech, theory, word category, independent, auxiliary, similar, non-verbal, definition, classification, system, the functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object or adverbial modifier.

The problem of parts of speech is one that causes great controversies both in general linguistic theory and in the analysis of separate languages. The term "parts of speech", though firmly established, is not a very happy one. What is meant by a "part of speech" is a type of word differing from other types in some grammatical point or points. There is the question about the mutual relation of the criteria. One cannot be sure in advance that all three criteria will always point the same way. Then, again, in some cases, one of them may fail (this especially applies to the criterion of form). Under such circumstances, it may prove necessary to choose between them, i.e. to attach to one of them greater value than to another. It will also be seen that the theory of parts of speech, though considered by most scholars to be a part of morphology, cannot do without touching on some syntactical problems, namely on phrases and on syntactical functions of words.

The problem of parts of speech caused much difficulty both in general linguistics and in the analysis of separate languages. Though it has been studied for more than two hundred years, the criteria for defining parts of speech have not been worked out yet. Traditionally grammar gave a semantic definition of parts of speech, taking into account only meaning. However, only meaning cannot be a reliable criterion for defining parts of speech because different parts of speech may have the same meaning and vice versa.

According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech.

In English we distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech. The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentences: the

functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object or adverbial modifier.

The notional parts of speech are:

1. the noun:peace, love, uncle, color, patient;

2. the adjective: beautiful, strict, handsome, delicious, big;

3. the pronoun: each other, nobody, everyone, me, you, they;

4. the numeral: first, second, half, twenty, four;

5. the verb: to think, to write, to go, to read, to establish; 6. the adverb: hard, quite, lazily, sidelong, slowly;

7. the words of category of state;

8. the modal words: certainly, surely, probably, possibly;

9. the interjections: hurrah, alas, oh, psha, hushsh, well, come, now.

The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentences. Here belong:

1. the preposition: before, after, on, under, inside, outside, in, through;

2. the conjunction: and, but, because, also, so;

3. the particle: just, barely, merely, solely, only, alone;

4. the article: a, an, the.

But according to other linguists Postpositions, response words, requestives (please) are also parts of speech, but in general Modern English never analyze them as parts of speech.

In Uzbek language parts of speech is divided into three parts:

1. primary parts of speech are classified:

1) noun (Ot):gul, kitob, do'st, hayol, nafas, mehr, qayg'u, non, oila, ota,ona;

2) pronoun (olmosh): hechkim, harbir, biz, u, allakim, barcha, bari;

3) adjective (sifat): nafis, soda, go'zal, katta, ulkan, qaynoq, sovuq;

4) adverb (ravish): asta, sekin, tez, mardlarcha, vijdonan;

5) numeral (son): bir, ikkinchi, yarim, chorak;

6) verb (fe'l ): ishlamoq, suzmoq, kuylamoq, bormoq, kelmoq.

Secondary parts of speech are:

1) Conjunction (bog'lovchi): va, bilan,ammo, biroq, goh... goh, dam.. .dam;

2)Ko'makchi: bilan, ost, ust, bo'ylab, tomon;

3) Particle (yuklama): -mi, -chi, -u,-yu,-ku,-da.

And the third part is called "separately taken words / alohida olingan so'zlar" which consists of them:

1) Exhortations (Undov so'zlar): eh, uh, voh, oh

2) Modal words (Modal so'zlar): balki, ehtimol, masalan, avvalo

3) Imitation words (Taqlid so'zlar): taq-tuq, milt-milt, yalt-yult, qasir-qusir.

But in English analytical grammar we can compare these types of

parts of speech. Because it has such terms of those types which can be used instead of them.

Both Modern English and Uzbek language parts of speech can be classified similar in such ways quantitatively. For example, nouns fall under

two classes in both language according to their meaning: proper nouns (atoqli otlar) for example, Mr Black or Andijon; and common nouns (turdosh otlar) for example, school, paper, love, doctor like an Uzbek words tinchlik, murabbiy, qalb, daftar.

According to their meaning and grammatical characteristics adjectives fall under two classes in Modern English and also Uzbek:

1) qualitative adjectives (tubsifatlar) little-kichkina, hard-qattiq, white-Oq;

2) relative adjectives (yasamasifatlar) Italian-Italiyalik, monthly- oylik and

so on.

These are shown similarities of two languages' parts of speech quantitatively. But each language has own different classifying in some parts of speech quantitatively, for example pronouns. There are 11 types of pronouns in English, but in Uzbek there are 7 forms of pronouns according to their meaning.

English pronouns and Uzbek forms:

1) Personal: I, you, he, she, it, they, we - Kishilik olmosh;

2) Possessive pronouns: my, his, your;

3) Reflexive pr: myself, themselves- O'zlik olmosh;

4) Reciprocal pr: each other, one another;

5) Demonstrative: this, that, those- Ko'rsatish olmosh;

6) Interrogative: who, what, how- So'roqolmosh;

7) Relative pronoun: who, whose, which;

8) Conjunctive pronoun: whose, which, what;

9) Defining pronouns: each, every, everybody- Belgilash;

10) Indefinite pronouns: somebody, something- Gumon olmoshi;

11) Negative pronouns: no, none, nobody- Bo'lishsizlik olmoshlari.

Numerals are divided into cardinals and ordinals in English, as Uzbek has

two forms sanoq va tartib sonlar.

But quantitatively there much more numerals forms of English language according to their classifying.

And according to statistics, the English verbs are the most quantitatively in all word language.

Adverbs, according to their meaning they divided into 6 parts in English, but in Uzbek they have 4 types:

1) adverbs of place and direction (o'rin ravishlari): inside, outside, here, there, olg'a, ichkari, tashqari;

2) adverbs of cause and consequence: therefore, consequently, accordingly;

3) adverbs of manner ( holat ravishlari): kindly, quickly, slowly, to'satdan, bafurja, arang;

4) adverbs of degree, measure or quantitaty (miqdor-darajaravishlari): very, enough, half, too, ko'p, kam, xiyol, oz.

Those are quantitatively difference in primary parts of speech between Modern English and Uzbek language. Except that we can see quantitatively

difference secondary parts of speech in such ways, for example, modal words in Uzbek we can come across more modal words than English.

1)Ishonch: albatta, shaksiz;

2) Gumon: ehtimol, balki;

3) Tasdiq: darhaqiqat, haqiqatan;

4)Fikrnixulosalash: xullas, demak, umuman;

5)Fikrningtartibi: avvalo, avvalambor;

6)Fikrningdallillanishi: masalan, jumladan;

7) Achinish: attang,afsus.

8) Quvonch: xayriyat.

According to their meaning modal words fall under three main groups in Modern English:

1) Words expressing certainty: certainly, surely, of course;

2) Words expression supposition: perhaps, maybe, probably;

3) Words shows weather the speaker considers the action he speaks about desirable or undesirable: happily- unhappily, luckily- unluckily.

But theoretical grammar compare the meaning of them between two languages and in modal words are very similar with in meaning and somehow structure. For example: Perhaps, he will come tomorrow. Balki, u ertaga kelar.

Every language contains thousands upon thousands of lexemes. When describing the possible either to analyze every lexeme separately or to unite them in to classes with more or less common features. Linguists make use of both approaches. A dictionary usually describes individual lexemes, a grammar book mostly deals with classes of lexemes, parts of speech.

Though grammarians have been studying parts of speech for over two thousand years, the criteria used for classifying lexemes are not yet agreed upon.

The above comparison of the languages subjected to the analysis shows that English and Uzbek have both isomorphic and allomorphic features in their parts

of speech systems in principle: 1.The isomorphic features:

a. notional parts of speech (noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral, interjection, modal words, response words, requestive, approximitive, words of category of state);

b. semi-notional parts of speech conjunctions, particles, prepositions/postpositions)

2. Allomorphic features:

a. article( only English has it, Uzbek and Russian have not )

b. postposition (only Uzbek has it)

c. preposition (English and Russian have it, Uzbek has not)

If we speak of the isomorphic and allomorphic features of the nouns and pronouns in Modern English and Uzbek /Russian particularly, we can observe the following:

1.The Isomorphic features of the nouns:

a. structural types are the same( but the subtypes differ)

b. semantic types are the same( but the subtypes differ)

c. English, Russian and Uzbek may have compound nouns called reduplicative compounds, for instance: шара-бара, helter-skelter, osh-posh, non-pon, uy-puy, pul-mul", in Uzbek, unlike English and Russian, every noun may have its reduplicative compound.

2. The allomorphic features of the nouns:

a. The English and Russian languages have the nouns of the singularia tantum and of the pluralia tantum

b. Uzbek as no such nouns, all nouns can have both singular(bok) and plural forms(bola-lar) including forms expressing stylistic semantics and colouring)

c. English has about many morphemes(-s, -en, -ee-,-a, -i-, -ae, -i, etc. of plurality and "zero" morpheme(of singularity(book -), zero morpheme of plurality(deer, sheep, etc.)

d. Russian has such morpemes of plurality as "-ы, -а, -ена, -и," and "zero" morpheme of both singularity and plurality( радио, метро, кофе, etc.)

e. English and Uzbek nouns have such grammatical categories as "number and case".

f. Russian nouns have such grammatical categories as "number, case, gender, and animateness / inanimateness.

All the above mentioned comparative typological data should be taken into consideration while teaching English at Uzbek schools or visa versa and while translating.

1.The isomorphic features of the pronouns in the compared languages:

a. The structural and semantic types of the pronouns are the same in principle (but their subtypes differ).

b. In the English, Russian and Uzbek languages the pronouns have the grammatical category of number, person and case( Russian pronouns have also the grammatical category of gender);

c. The syntactical functions of the pronouns are the same;

2. The allomorphic features of the pronouns in the compared languages:

a. The English and Uzbek possessive pronouns have the two forms:

1) conjoint(my, your, his, her, our, your, their, mening, sening/sizning, uning(qiz va o'g'il bola uchun), bizning, sizlarning, ularning);

2) absolute( mine-meniki, yours-seniki, his- uniki ( for both genders), hers-uniki( for both genders), ours-bizniki, yours- sizlarniki, theirs-ularniki), whereas their Russian counterparts have not);

b. Russian pronouns have the grammatical category of gender, whereas English and Uzbek pronouns have not);

c. In Uzbek and Russian the possessive pronouns have two forms «твой-сенинг» and «ваш - сизнинг»(уважительная форма) in singular, and two special forms in plural: " твои -сенларнинг» and « ваши - сизларнинг» (уважительная форма), whereas English has not such forms);

d. The English personal pronouns have only two cases (nominative, objective), whereas their Uzbek and Russian counterparts have six ( nominative, possessive, dative, accusative, locative, exit) cases.

e. The English indefinite pronouns(somebody, anybody) and negative pronouns have only two cases like nouns( common and possessive cases), whereas their Uzbek and Russian counterparts have six cases;

All these isomorphic and allomorphic features of the pronouns mentioned above should be taken into account while working out effective methods of teaching English at Uzbek or Russian Schools or visa versa.

The isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adjectives in Modern English, Uzbek and Russian: The isomorphic features: structural and semantic types are similar (but their subtypes are dissimilar substantivization of adjectives is a universal process in the compared languages. The allomorphic features:

1. English and Russian have derivative adjectives formed by the help of prefixes, infixes, postfixes, preinfixes, prepostfixes, inpostfixes, preinpostfixes, whereas Uzbek has only postfixes, (prefixes and infixes in Uzbek being of Persian origin);

2. Russian has a developed system of grammatical categories, mainly categories of number, gender, case, degree and animateness/inanimiteness, whereas English and Uzbek have only one category, that of the degree of comparison.

English has substantivized adjectives of the pluralia tantum which agree with the subject either in singular or in plural.

The similarities of the parts of speech in the two languages being compared are related to the process of universal development in the language. The dissimilarities indicate that the parts of speech in these languages have their own structural-semantic aspects and are in accordance with the existing laws of the language.

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