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9Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-637-639
CHEMICALS-INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY
Nargiza Rajabboyevna Hamzayeva
assistant teacher Karshi State University, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Physiology
Shaxlo Baxtiyorovna Xolliyeva
assistant teacher
ABSTRACT
Gastrointestinal toxicity is a frequent complication with the symptom of hypercalcemia. Other factors may increase the risk or worsen gastrointestinal toxicity, including: lifestyle, diet, concomitant diseases such as diabetes or hypertension, as well as previous gastrointestinal disorders in the anamnesis. There may also be genetic differences in susceptibility, especially after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Some chemicals may affect one or more aspects of the gastrointestinal tract, causing abnormal phenomena reflecting toxicity. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals exert their harmful effects, and to determine the consequences of toxicity for the integrity of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract.
Keywords: gastrointestinal toxicity, lifestyle, diet, diabetes, hypertension
INTRODUCTION
It has been reported that maladaptive coping with a cancer diagnosis and emotional stress are associated with an increased risk of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The clinical consequences of gastrointestinal toxicity are fairly predictable and usually consist of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. They usually occur from mild to moderate, but in some cases they can be severe and lead to more serious clinical consequences, including: Weight loss • Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance. Humans ingest a wide variety and often large amounts of chemicals in the form of nutrients, accidental food additives and pollutants, medications, as well as inhaled particles and chemicals, thereby exposing the gastrointestinal tract to many potentially toxic substances. In many cases, it serves as
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-637-639
a barrier to protect other components of the body from such substances and infections. Fortunately, the gastrointestinal tract is surprisingly resilient and, as a rule, able to withstand the repeated daily effects of chemicals to which it is exposed. Probably due to the inherent ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals, there is little data on gastrointestinal toxicology. Therefore, in many cases it is necessary to extrapolate toxic mechanisms to infectious processes, inflammatory conditions, ischemia and other disorders in addition to more traditional chemical sources of toxicity (H.GELBERG, 2018).
METHODOLOGY
People are exposed daily to various environmental pollutants arising from the activities of industry, transport, heating or agriculture. Persistent organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, brominated flame retardants and pesticides are compounds of concern due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment, ability to travel very long distances and ability to accumulate in organisms. Exposure to these pollutants has been linked to various pathologies, including metabolic, immune and reproductive disorders, and even cancer. Heterocyclic amines are chemicals of food origin formed during certain cooking methods, which are similar in structure and toxic properties to persistent organic pollutants. Heterocyclic amines are mutagenic and are characterized as possible carcinogens for humans, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer.
DISCUSSION
The gut microbiota depends on nutrients coming either from ingested feed or from internal secretion in the intestinal environment. Since different bacterial species differ in nutritional needs, as well as in their sensitivity to xenobiotic compounds, statistically significant changes in the microbiota, although insignificant, are very likely in studies of the effects of chemicals on animals, provided that such studies are well monitored for side effects and that a sufficient number of animals are included in them. Therefore, the research question to be asked should be expanded to whether induced changes in the microbiota have any biologically significant effect on host species. It is proposed the term "microbiota-destroying chemicals" to describe substances that meet the following two criteria; a substance changes the composition and/or activity of the intestinal microbiota, and these changes have an adverse effect on the health of host species (Judge, 2017). This corresponds to the WHO criteria
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-637-639
used to identify endocrine disruptors, and requires a causal relationship between changes in the microbiota and the observed adverse health effects. The establishment of such causal relationships can be achieved using established protocols for fecal transplantation to animal models that do not contain microbes, and additional molecular mechanisms can be elucidated. With regard to endocrine disruptors, it has been discussed whether the definition should include the mediation of adverse effects on the host organism or can be limited to any aspect of hormone action (Licht & Bahl, 2019).
CONCLUSION
In addition, it is known that microbes living in the intestine contain a different pool of enzymes than their mammalian host, and many of these microbial enzymes can directly metabolize xenobiotic compounds. Examples include direct bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by microbial communities of the human colon, leading to the formation of estrogenic metabolites, and recently reported modulation of organo-phosphorus insecticide toxicity mediated by specific Lactobacillus strains. In addition, intestinal microbes regulate the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver, which is controlled by the differential expression of genes associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics in ordinary animals and animals that do not contain microbes, respectively. Microbes can also conjugated xenobiotics recycled from the liver, which leads to the regeneration of the original toxin or to the formation of new toxic agents.
REFERENCES
1. H.GELBERG. (2018). Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Comprehensive Toxicology , 139-178.
2. Judge, E. T. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J. , 474(11): 1823-1836.
3. Licht, T. R., & Bahl, M. I. (2019). Impact of the gut microbiota on chemical risk assessment. Current Opinion in Toxicology .
