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27BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONVERSION OF TOPONYMS ON GEOGRAPHIC
MAPS
Khurshida Bakhtiyarovna Khakimova Diyora Alisher kizi Boranova
Post graduate student of master's degree of Student of bachelor degree of
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of
Tashkent region Tashkent region
ABSTRACT
The article deals with the basic principles of conversion of toponyms on geographic maps. Types, subtypes and their meanings are analyzed carefully and given examples which show specific features of toponymics in sciences.
Key words: Toponymy, science, the subject of toponymics, geographic maps, place of toponymics, geographic names.
INTRODUCTION
Difficulties in this important issue are due to many reasons (the dissimilarity of alphabets, phonetic features of languages, the presence of traditional local toponyms, etc.) The transfer of foreign toponyms in the letters of the Slavic Cyrillic alphabet in some cases turns out to be almost impossible. This is primarily due to the lack of sound equivalents in Belarusian or Russian.
Many people are well aware of the specific slit English sound, conveyed by the letters th. Therefore, place names such as Portsmuth and Southampton, in various versions on Russian-language maps, were transmitted respectively in the forms Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Portsmouth and Southampton, Southampton, Southampton.
METODOLOGY
Currently, there are various principles of conversion (transfer) of foreign-language toponyms on geographical maps.
Official form. This principle of transmission is based on strict preservation of the spelling of the geographical name in the same form and with the same pronunciation as in the original language. In this case, geographical names are transmitted in full accordance with the pronunciation in the homeland. Thus, the toponyms Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso are transmitted in full accordance with the forms adopted in these countries.
Transliteration. The principle of transliteration (from the Latin trans - "through" and litera - "letter") provides for the complete, sequential replacement of letters (or
other graphic characters, for example, hieroglyphs) of a foreign language toponym with letters (graphic characters) of the successor language.
The graphic form of a toponym is often more important for its "recognition" than its sound. Here you can draw a clear analogy with the direct borrowing of toponyms and personal names from one Latin-writing language to another, with complete disregard of the sound:
German Prussia (Prussia) in English with preservation of graphics is read Prash, Spanish Mexico (Mexico) in English Mexicoou, in Spain the surname of the great writer W. Shakespeare is transmitted exactly in accordance with the letters in the English version - Shakespeare, and the poet J. Byron in French parts of Switzerland -Biron (according to the English Byron).
Traditional form or exonym. The traditional form or exonym (from the Greek s^o - "for, outside") is a form of the name of a geographical object that is rooted in this language, located outside the territory of the spread of this language and does not coincide with the modern form adopted in the source language. Examples: Warsaw is an English exonym for the place name Warszawa; Londres - French exonym for the toponym London; Mailand - German for the toponym Milano; Moscow, Moskau -exonyms in English and German for the toponym Moscow.
DISCUSSION
Many exonyms are used in relation to states, especially to close neighbors. So, the Poles call Italy Wlohi, the Finns Russia - Veniaia, the French - Germany - Alemannia, the Latvians Belarus - Baltkrievia, etc. The United Nations recommends minimizing the use of exonyms in international use.
There are place names that have become part of the Russian language in a distorted, incorrect transmission, but firmly rooted: Rome (not Roma), Lisbon (not Lishboa), Glasgow (not Glasgow), Thames (not Thames), Ohio (not Ohio), Paris (not Pari), etc.
Translated and semi-translated form. Names, fully or partially translated from one language into another, correspond to this form of transmission. Translated and semi-translated toponyms are the most ancient form of transferring names, which has an international character.
Some of the most persistent translations and half-translations are well-known examples: Tierra del Fuego, Cape Verde, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean; Great Belt, New Orleans, South Dakota, North Carolina, etc.
Linguistically, toponymic data are essential. Since a geographical name is a linguistic sign, it primarily attracts philologists. Modern text linguistics many conclusions are based on the analysis of proper names and place names in particular.
The study of the regularities of the functioning of toponyms in the language and society, the lexical and semantic structure and word-formation structure, spelling and etymological analysis of names, the identification of dialect areas and dialectological zones - all these tasks are solved in line with the linguistic direction of toponymy.
RESULT
The most important area of toponymy at the present stage is the standardization and unification of geographical names. The problem of ordering place names has now acquired a truly national scale, since the scope of their application is extremely wide -from public authorities to ordinary citizens. Being unique historical and cultural evidence, a kind of heritage of the past of the people, geographical names serve as a means of affirming the national priority and sovereignty of the state. An important aspect is the transfer of national toponyms in foreign language sources by means of the Latin alphabet.
CONCLUSION
The educational function of toponymy is significant. Place names are monuments of the spiritual culture of mankind. Created at different times and in different languages, they are carriers of the history of civilization. Numerous scientific and popular publications in recent years are evidence of the growing interest in toponymic data. Summing up, it can be noted that toponymy continues to develop as a scientific discipline, and the scientific, historical and cultural value of geographical names as the most important elements of the spiritual life of civilization remains the object of study of this discipline.
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