CC BY
20
Science], 2017 7(2), pp. 25-28. DOI 10.5923/j.sports.20170702.01 (SCOPUS)
Submitted: 25.05.2017 Received: 28.05.2017
Vladimir D. Koba - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor Naberezhnye Chelny State Trade-Technological Institute, 95, prospect Moskovsky, Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan, 423812, Russia, E-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru
For citations: Koba V.D. To the question about the diagnostics of psychoemotional state of young boxers, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 133-136.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_220
ANXIETY AS READINESS CRITERION OF YOUNG ATHLETES, SPECIALIZING IN MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNING, FOR COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
Alexsandr N. Kovalenko - doctor of medicine, professor Nataliy V. Khrisanfova - post-graduate student The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
E-mail: nata91-2012@mail.ru
Annotation. In sports activity the most general, integral index of an athlete's readiness is sports result. Competitive activity success is mostly conditioned by the stability of an athlete's performances. Nowadays in the sphere of training athletes, specializing in middle distance running, conditions, means and methods of physical and technical-tactical training are approximately equal. Hence, the main component of competitive activity becomes psychological training. Material. Theoretical analysis and experimental study of anxiety problem as one of the criteria, which influence readiness of young athletes, specializing in middle distance running, for competitive activity. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, anxiety state estimation with the help of modified scale of personal competitive anxiety R. Martens (Y.L. Khanin), experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The effectiveness of psychological training at the stage of initial specialization is shown. There is some correlation between the level of anxiety andpre-start states of sportsmen in the experimental work. The offered methods of psychological training approbation among athletes showedpositive result. During the use of the offered by us methodology two sportsmen improved their qualification from the 1st junior category to the 3rd adult category, 4 sportsmen changed their categories from the second junior to the 1st junior category. The trainer underlined considerable improvement of the results among 5 respondents, who didn't manage to improve their sports category. Conclusion. During the research work the problems, concerning anxiety state study as the factor, which influences readiness of young athletes, specializing in middle distance running, for competitive activity were successfully solved. Keywords: psychological training, psychological readiness, anxiety.
Introduction. According to the content of sports training Federal standard in athletics, minimal adoption age at the stage of sports specialization starts from the age of 12 and it underlines the problem of sport juvenation. In this connection increases the number of held competitions at the initial stages of training. It leads to the volume of competitive experience increase and can have positive, as well as negative influence on young runners, specializing in middle distance running. Its negative or positive influence depends, first of all, on readiness of sportsman for competitive activity.
The aim of the research: to determine the effectiveness of psychological training methods on one of the readiness criteria for competitive activity among sportsmen- anxiety level.
Research methods and research organization. As it is known, young runners training is a difficult multicomponent process. One of the components of successful training is psychological training, which is an important condition for an effective performance of a sportsman. Psychological training, according to L.P. Matveev, is a range of actions directed to a sportsman's psyche, which provide psychological readiness formation for the result achievement [5, p. 189]. G.D. Gorbunov understands this kind of training as psychological-pedagogical process of important for sport personality traits and psychic qualities formation and development [3, p. 107]. Thus, psychological training is the process of influencing on a sportsman's personality in order to help him to achieve the best sports result.
This kind of training is an integral part of a sportsman's potential realization and its earlier and qualitative organization leads to educational-training and competitive processes effectiveness increase. Mentioned above position is conditioned by the fact that competitions always create stress conditions, which demand either competitive help of a specialist, or athlete's formed skills of self-regulation. 14-15 year-old respondents took part in our research work. The presented age
range is critical from the position of physiology and psychology and it underlines the need for this kind of training during the mentioned period.
It is common practice to divide psychological training into general and special one. According to E.P. Ilin, general psychological training among young runners is directed to sportsmen's psychological functions and qualities development, which are necessary for the highest level of sportsmanship achievement [4, p. 25]. At the same time, general psychology is directed to mastering the main mechanisms and regulations of own psyche by a sportsman, which provide latent resources and the diversity of opportunities of an organism realization. Special psychological training is understood by E.P. Ilin as training for the definite competitions [4, p. 21]. The main aim of such kind of training will be creation of psychological readiness optimal state in order to take part in competitions, which reflects the range of conditions, indices and criteria during a definite time period directly influencing the results of a sportsman.
The notion "readiness" can be considered as multicomponent structure, which is characterized by the definite range of features for each activity. As M.M. Bogen mentions, readiness for a competition is a state of a sportsman in this moment, which provides full realization of his readiness (all his opportunities realization in the definite competition). It forms the unity of physical, tactical, theoretical, functional and psychological readiness [1, p. 63]. Psychological readiness is a dynamic system, its components are connected and mobile at the same time and it happens because of inner and external factors influence.
Taking into consideration all mentioned above, we can distinguish criteria of psychological readiness for competitive activity: motivation to competitive activity, self-rating, anxiety, self-regulation, performance in terms of error probability.
For sportsmen, who specialize in middle distance running, the following
qualities are typical: activity, ability to bear great loads, ability to bend in one's will personal interests for the sake of social interests, absence of suspiciousness. However, very often they are not sure in own abilities, prone to peculiar actions and ideas.
One of the psychological readiness criteria is anxiety. B.G. Meshcheryakov and V.P. Zinchenko give the following definition of anxiety: it is an individual psychological peculiarity, which is realized in a person's propensity for more often and intensive anxiety state and a low threshold of its appearance [2, p. 673]. The following forms of anxiety are defined: personal and situational anxiety.
E.P. Ilin presents personal anxiety as the base trait of personality, which is formed and developed in early childhood. It appears irrespective of the definite social environment as a reaction to dangerous for personality situation or situation, which seems dangerous and is demonstrated in the state of increased anxiety. Personal anxiety usually doesn't exist as a separate trait of character: it has a negative influence on other features and person's characteristics formation and development, such as the motive of failures avoidance, tendency to avoid responsibility, fear of expressing own opinion [4, p. 59]. Situational anxiety is understood by the author as an expressive symbol of an individual's anxious behavior in a definite situation, which is not connected with the presence of his personal anxiety [4, p. 60].
Anxiety criterion attracts attention of trainers and sports psychologists during a long time period and it is connected with the opportunity of this state level regulation, which helps to control pre-start state of a sportsman.
During the research three levels of competitive anxiety were determined: low, moderate and high, which correspond with pre-start states of pre-start apathy, tactical efficiency and pre-start fever. State of anxiety was estimated with the help of Modified scale of personal competitive anxiety R. Martens (Y.L. Khanin). It helps to reveal individual differences in emotional reaction to the future
competition. This psychognostic methodology was held a day before the competitions.
14-15 year-old athletes, specializing in middle distance running, took part in the experiment. According to the results of Modified scale of personal competitive anxiety the respondents were divided into three groups: 8 people (40% from the group) formed the group of sportsmen with a high level of competitive anxiety, 11 people (55% from the group) formed the group of sportsmen with a moderate level of competitive anxiety and 1 person (5% from the group) had a low level of competitive anxiety. All participants of the experiment have junior categories.
For each formed group its own methodical complex was used. Also individual characteristics of the sportsmen, revealed during the experiment, were taken into consideration. The sportsmen with a high level of competitive anxiety were offered respiratory exercises and autogenic training, directed to neuromuscular apparatus relaxation.
In the group of sportsmen with a low level of competitive anxiety respiratory exercises and autogenic training were used, which provided neuropsychic processes activation. Ideomotor training, directed to an active realization and presentation of the competition itself, was used.
Sportsmen with moderate indices of competitive anxiety also were offered some methodologies in order to support and preserve the diagnosed level.
The next stage of the research presented systematic mastering respiratory exercises, autogenic training and ideomotor training. These methods and techniques were used during the training process in order to train sportsmen for the future loads. After mastering the methods of self-regulation competitive anxiety was studied one more time, a day before the competitions.
After the 2nd use of the modified scale of personal competitive anxiety the following results were received: one person (5% from the group) had a high level of competitive anxiety, 17 people (85% from the group) had moderate level of competitive anxiety and 2 people (15%
from the group) had a low level of competitive anxiety.
Results and their discussion. The
received during the experiment results were checked with the help of the mathematical statistics method - Student t-test. In this
Table - The results of indices handling anxiety" methodology
research work the case of linked samples was used.
The results of "Modified scale of personal competitive anxiety" methodology and their handling with the help of the mathematical statistics methods are presented in the table.
ing to "Modified scale of personal competitive
X1 X2 di di-d (di-d)2
25 21 4 1,4 1,96
24 20 4 1,4 1,96
27 22 5 2,4 5,76
15 14 1 -1,6 2,56
26 24 2 -0,6 0,36
23 20 3 0,4 0,16
26 23 3 0,4 0,16
21 17 4 1,4 1,96
24 21 3 0,4 0,16
20 19 1 -1,6 2,56
18 16 2 -0,6 0,36
25 20 5 2,4 5,76
22 20 2 -0,6 0,36
21 17 4 1,4 1,96
24 23 1 -1,6 2,56
19 16 3 0,4 0,16
20 18 2 -0,6 0,36
22 21 1 -1,6 2,56
14 15 -1 -3,6 12,96
16 14 2 -0,6 0,36
Ldi —51 Z(di-d) 2 —45
d=2,6; od =1,5; md=0.33; tp=7,9; tx=2,09
As it is shown in the table, t-rating value (7,9) is higher than t-table (2,09) and it helps to make the following conclusion. The results of Modified scale of personal competitive anxiety methodology changed greatly and it proves the effectiveness of the experimental methodology, which influenced the success of a sportsman's performances.
The received results prove that the most part of the respondents moved to the group of moderate competitive anxiety. There is the dynamics of the results change in general. It also should be noted that all sportsmen, who
took part in the experiment, improved their personal competitive results.
Conclusion. During the research work the problems, concerning anxiety state study as the factor, which influences readiness of young athletes, specializing in middle distance running, for competitive activity were successfully solved.
There is some correlation between the level of anxiety and pre-start states of sportsmen in the experimental work. The offered methods of psychological training approbation among athletes showed positive result. During the use of the offered by us
methodology two sportsmen improved their qualification from the 1st junior category to the 3rd adult category, 4 sportsmen changed their categories from the second junior to the 1st junior category. The trainer underlined considerable improvement of the results among 5 respondents, who didn't manage to improve their sports category.
References
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2. Meshcheryakov B.G., Zinchenko V.P. Bol'shoj psihologicheskij slovar' [Big psychological dictionary]. Moscow, MOSCOW, 2009, 811 p.
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4. Ilin E. P. Psihologiya sporta [Psychology of sport]. Saint-Petersburg, Piter, 2008, 351 p.
5. Matveev L. P. Obchaya teoriya sporta I ee prikladnye aspekty [General theory of sport and its applied aspects]. Moscow, Izvestiya, 2001, 333 p.
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Alexsandr N. Kovalenko - doctor of medicine, professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: nata91-2012@mail.ru Nataliy V. Khrisanfova - post-graduate student The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: nata91-2012@mail.ru
For citations: Kovalenko A.N., Khrisanfova N.V. Anxiety as readiness criterion of youth athletes, specializing in middle distance running, for competitive activity, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems ofphysical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 136-140.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_221
MOTIVATION FORMATION FOR PHYSICAL-HEALTH-IMPROVING LESSONS
Alexsandr N. Kozulko - associate professor,
Brest State Technical University, 267, str. Moskovskay, Brest, 224017, Belarus
E-mail: nissan81283@yandex.ru
