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58ANALYSIS OF USING ECOLOGICAL TERMS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH, SOME TRANSLATION
PROBLEMS
Khoshimova O.
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
ABSTRACT
Getting to know terms of translation is essential part of the communication of the job. Merely, finding an appropriate translation of the term and employing it in the proper circumstances are fundamental questions in using the terms among the languages. The main purpose of the article is to analyze of using terms among languages and to tackle the problems of translating ecological terms from English into Uzbek. As ecological terms are the leading elements of ecological texts and some terms of ecology are diversified from various sources like eco-dictionaries. Hence, the result emphasizes to present different variations of translating of the terms from English into Uzbek.
Keywords: equivalent response, term, terminologist, ecology, translation, culture, ecological connection, relationship, neologism, non-equivalence.
Language is considered as a system of using words to socialize with other people. Specialized language has the same function but on a different level. Learning and dominating vocabulary of a domain would give us the opportunity to comprehend specific topics and communicate about them. For example, for making conversations about politics we need to know the appropriate terms of the context to be able to utilize them in our discussions. If you are interested in reading articles about cinema or art, you first need to know the vocabulary of the domain. Today it is common knowledge that translation is the communication of meaning from one language (the source) to another language (the target). Translation is a broad concept rather than other language aspects. Apart from interpretation, translation has presented written information, at the same time translation has played a major part in communication, because it is not only about languages but also cultures. As Nida states, "the role of a translator is to facilitate the transfer of the message, meaning, and cultural elements from one language into another and create an equivalent response to the receivers". [1]
Terminology plays a crucial part in the comprehending of contexts and specialized texts. Understanding the intricate terminological details of the technical and scientific contexts helps learners comprehend what the main message of the document is, and it assists specialists to transmit the content more effectively. Terminology is a necessity for all professionals involved in the representation, expression, communication and teaching of specialized knowledge. Scientists, technicians or professionals in any field require terms to represent and express their knowledge to inform, transfer or buy and sell their products. There is no specialty that does not have specific units to denominate their concepts [2]
Studying terminology is the establishment of all subject fields. Apart from creating solutions to the terminological difficulties and the challenges many specialists or non-specialists face, it paves the way for the development of the languages and terminology that improves the quality of communications, either internationally or nationally. Without studying terminology, technicians and specialists would probably never realize how important protecting and maintaining a language is for communicative purposes and cultural identity.
'In the translation of literary works, magazines or newspaper, it is necessary to have wide range of general knowledge about culture between source language and target language. Generally, every language is unique and there are always changes. Words, sentences and grammar are continuously changed and update. [3]
According to Argeg 'without translation modern technology could never have been transferred between nations. Translation can be applied to all fields of language including legal, religious, literary language etc.' [4] Hereby it should be taken into consideration that among these fields, scientific or can be said, ecological translation encompasses the specialties which are relevant to ecology.
Cronin claims that 'ecology has become a central question governing the survival and sustainability of human societies, cultures and languages'[5]. Today we need ecological translations because of the various factors of todays' demand such as he also says 'the radically changed ecological circumstances of humanity, the ecological connection between translation and one of the significant means of species survival: food, translation figures in our relationship or lack of relationship with the numerous other species that inhabit the planet; the position of technology and translation in an era of ecological vulnerability; the role of literature, particularly travel writing, in teasing out the relationship between ecology, travel and translation' and etc.
The way of expressing ecological concepts and content is generally demanding and severe as it requires accuracy, knowledge and comprehending of the concepts behind the terms. The translation of ecology has its own characteristic terminology, so difficulties can arise from that. Terms are the key concept in the translation of any kind of scientific text.
One of the noteworthy challenge of this way can be taken into consideration that is 'while the understanding of the source text terminology is an important factor in the process of translating, the coining of the terms' target language counterparts is of equal, if not, greater importance. In translating ... terms, one is often faced with the problem of neologism and non-equivalence. Such problems arise due to the rapid progress of, and the advances made in, science and ecology around the world which make it difficult for terminologists and specialists to keep pace with the huge numbers of terms
that continually enter the language of science, which is usually English'[6].
Argeg assumes that one of the most noteworthy issues in scientific translation is how to achieve the highest degree of precision possible in the use of words and to transfer the information contained in the source language text into the target language text without any loss of the original meaning.
Another problem which arises with the use of a one-to-one parallel corpus (i.e. containing only one version of translation in the target language) is that translation only represents one individual's introspection, albeit contextually and contextually informed [7]. One possible way to overcome this problem, as suggested in Malmkjer, is to include as many versions of a translation of the same source text as possible in a parallel corpus. While this solution is certainly of benefit to translation studies, it makes the task of building parallel corpora much more difficult. It also reduces the range of data one may include in a parallel corpus, as many translated texts are only translated once. It is typically only literary works which have multiple translations of the same work available. These works tend to be non-contemporary and the different versions of the translation are usually spaced apart, thus making the comparison of these versions problematic. [8]
Steps should be taken in order to overcome is using borrowings. Borrowing a term is taking a word or expression straight from another language, without using its translated version. If a term does not exist in the target language, this procedure is normally utilized, or when the translator tries to get some stylistic or exotic effect. It can be "pure", if there is no change of any kind in the foreign term (ecology, neutron, ecosystem, ozone, etc.), or "naturalized", if the word has some change in the spelling, and perhaps some morphological or phonetic adaptation (as in atmosphere 'atmosfera' in uzbek, bacteria 'bakteriya' in uzbek, cyclone 'siklon' in uzbek, metabolism 'metabalizm' in uzbek, etc.). 'If there is no equivalent in the target language, the translator could give an explanation for the term. This explanation would depend on his/her understanding of the subject matter'. [3]
Many scholars recommend the terms of foreign word, foreignism, Anglicism, Germanism and etc. when referring to pure borrowings (that have not been fully assimilated into the target language system), and utilization borrowings or loans when the words are naturalized, the distinction of being when the term has been incorporated and how it has been adapted to the target language. In any case, borrowings are one of the main possibilities of enriching a language, when translating texts with a great amount of cultural terms; albeit, we should be cautious, unless we want to claim a certain local color or exoticism.
With reference to practical translation studies, as corpora can be used to raise linguistic and cultural awareness in general, they provide a useful and effective reference tool and a workbench for translators and trainees [8]. In this respect even a monolingual corpus is helpful. For instance, Bowker found that corpus-aided translations were of a higher quality with respect to subject field understanding, correct term choice and
idiomatic expressions than those undertaken using conventional resources [10].
While monolingual and comparable corpora are of use to translation, it is difficult to generate 'possible hypotheses as to translations' with such data[11]. As Corpus-Based Language Studies demonstrates that verifying concordances is both time-consuming and error prone, which entails a loss of productivity. Parallel corpora, in contrast, provide greater certainty as to the equivalence expressions', and in combination with suitable tools, they enable users to 'locate as to all occurrences of any expression along with the corresponding sentences in the other language'. As such parallel corpora can help translators and trainees to achieve improved precision with respect to terminology and phraseology and have been strongly recommended for these reasons. A special use of a parallel corpus with one source text and many translations is that it can offer a systematic translation strategy for linguistic structures which have no direct equivalents in the target language.
Indeed, the use of terminology is not limited to specialists and the terminology knowledge is not only needed by terminologists, translators, and linguists. Although, the type of knowledge we need depends on our professional activities and the motivations for learning. In this process, the role of institutions and academic centers is significant. Their competency in offering diverse materials aiming at distinct groups of learners with different backgrounds is one of the most important characteristics that we should take into account.
To put it in a nutshell, I pen down saying that above-mentioned ways has shed light on the translation of ecological terms as a problem that causes real translation challenges. It attempted to focus on the translation of the terms in general. Furthermore, conducting ideas in the above-proposed areas of the issue would contribute to overcome a major translation problem, that is the translation of eco-terms, and it means it does need to be investigated again particularly by any researchers who has willing of contributing to the development of English-Uzbek eco-translation in general.
References
1. Nida, E. (1964). Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
2. Cabré, M. Teresa (2002). "Terminología y normalización lingüística". Jornadas (EHU: LEIOA) Terminología y lenguajes de especialidad. Euskara Institu-tua EHU-LEIOAKO CAMPUSA País Basc.
3. Ni Nyoman Ayu Oktiana Cipta Dewi. THE Translation of Ecological Terms with Reference to Senior High School Textbook Entitled Biology Bilingual. Pp-2.
4. ARGEG, GARSA, MOUSBAH (2015) The Problems of Translating Medical Terms from English into Arabic, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online:
5. Micheal Cronin, (2017) Eco-translation: Translation and Ecology in the Age of the Anthropocene.
6. Al-Ma'ni, M. (2000). The Problematics of Technical Translation into Arabic: The Case of the
Royal Air Force of Oman. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Salford: Salford University.
7. Malmkjar, K. 1998. 'love thy neighbor: will parallel corpora endear linguists to translators?' Meta43/4.
URL : www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1998/v4 3 /n4/003 545 ar.pdf
8. Tony McEnery, Richard Xiao and Yukio Tono, 2006, Corpus-Based Language Studies an advanced resource book, by Routledge, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abington.
9. Hunston, S. 2002. Corpora in Applied Linguis-tics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
10. Aston, G. 1999. 'Corpus use and learning to translate'. Textus 12: 289-314. URL: http ://home. sslmit.unibo. it/~guy/textus.htm.
11. Bowker, L.1998. 'Using specialized native-language'.
SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT
Yuldashev M.
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
This article states about the importance of using Phraseology. Here is said that phraseological system reflects the rich historical heritage and customs of any nation; it is passed on from one generation to another. Abundance of idioms forming the system is a result of enriching a language and speech.
Keywords: semantic and structural inseparable word combinations, separate words' meanings, morphology studies words' structure, phraseological units, syntax, research, interconnected systems, various features, expresses.
The phraseological units of somatic component consisting of the word "Bosh" (meaning "head") in Uzbek language are divided into following semantic groups:
Lexical somatic word "Bosh" has many features of making new phraseological meaning such as "Inson tanasining bir qismi" (meaning as "a part form human body"). There more than 90 forms of somatic phraseologies with the word "Bosh". There is some somatic phraseology in Uzbek language which consists of history, culture, customs, tradition and national morality of Uzbek people.
1. The word "Bosh" is a substitution of man in lexis: "hammaning (kimsaning) boshida bor" (word by word "everybody has on his head" which meaning as "fate").
2. Somatic phraseologies which showing psychological condition of a person:
A) Become or feel happy: "boshi osmonga yetdi" or "boshi ko'kka yetdi" (word by word "his head reached into the sky" which means as "to become so happy").
B) Become or feel unhappy: "boshi g'avgoda" (word by word "his head in mess" which means as "to become unhappy or feel bad").
C) Shame or disgrace: "boshini ham qildi" which means as "to feel disgrace"
3. Somatic component "bosh" in the phraseological units seldom can be used as the meaning of "human brain" in lexeme: "boshi ishlaydi" (word by word "his head works" which means as "clever").
4. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "punishment": "boshida danak chaqdi"(word by word "to cut the stone on his head"), "boshida yong'oq chaqdi"(word by word "to cut the nut on his head"), "boshida tegirmon toshi yurgizdi"(word by word "to run the mill on his head") which all means as "misfortune, sorrow".
5. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "illness": "boshi yostiqqa tegdi" (word by word "his head hit the pillow" which means as "to feel ill").
6. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "death or abolish": "boshini yedi" (word by word "he ate his head" which means as "he abolished or died").
7. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "misfortune, unhappiness, sorrow": "boshi baloga qolib ketdi" (word by word "his head under disaster" which means as "he meets with misfortune").
8. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "bravery and courage": "boshini tikdi" (word by word "to stick his head" which means as "ready for giving his life").
9. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "care and anxiety": "boshini siladi" (word by word "to rub his head" which means as "to take care for something or somebody").
10. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "more or many": "boshidan oshib yotibdi" "boshi-dan oshib- toshib yotibdi" (word by word "lying over his head" which means as "many works to do").
11. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "rejection": "bosh tortdi" (word by word "take off his head" which means as "reject or refuse").
12. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "esteem and respect": "boshiga ko'tarmoq", "bosh-iga ko'tarib yurmoq" (word by word "to raise his head" which means as "respect deeply").
13. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "control": "bosh qosh bolmoq", (word by word "to become head and eyebrow" which means as "to control something").
14. Phraseological unit which shows the meaning of "beg or swear": "bosh egmoq", (word by word "to bend the head" which means as "to beg, to ask for excuse").
