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21ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ И ЛИТЕРАТУРОВЕДЕНИЕ
Исследование логики заимствований в английском языке: на примере концепта «Напитки»
Алпатова Светлана Денисовна,
кандидат филологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры лингвистики и переводоведения, ИМПЭ имени Грибоедова E-mail: [email protected]
Существование определенного баланса между культурным и прагматическим наблюдается в примерах заимствований, относящихся к концепту «Напитки». При этом за основу принимается система концептов Халлига и Вартербурга. Концепт «напитки» изучается в плане составляющих его единиц в синхронии и диахронии. А их различия фактически формируют его социально-ценностный потенциал. История и традиции возникновения новых заимствований, с учетом имплицируемых в них коммуникативных интенций, формируют и дополняют микро-фреймы исследуемых единиц Лексика заимствований исследуется, исходя из представления о их концептуальных, национально специфических, ценностных и культурологических признаков. Благодаря этому, происходит понимание того, что языковые единицы содержат в своем значении, как проявляется в них традиции той или иной нации.
Ключевые слова: безэквивалентная лексика, заимствования, концептуальная основа, культурный и прагматический компонент значения
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As is well known Hallig and Warterburg have worked out an idea of conceptual origin of some lexics. [1, p121] According to them, it might be identified due to the knowledge lexical units represent in a certain language at a definite period. The information about them is cumulated and a micro frame of their meaning is made up. Hallig and Warterburg's conceptual system includes three main components: The Universe; Man; Man and the Universe. Each of them has several classes of concepts, and consequently words designating these concepts [1, p.121 ].
A good example to be referred to is the lexical domain of words "human-consumer" referring to the conceptual representation of Man and its sub-concept "strong drinks" or "soft drinks".
1. Wine belongs to the concept "strong drinks". Actually, the word was borrowed from Latin and it has the following origin:
... as the cultivation of the vine started in the Mediterranean region, in the Pontus area and in the south of the Caucasus, most scholars are inclined to look for the origin of the word in these countries.... Also from Latin vinum (some perhaps via Germanic) are Old Church Slavonic vino, Polish wino, and Russian vino "[5];
2. Brandy is "spirits distilled from other liquors" (especially wine), 1650s, abbreviation of brandy-wine (1620s) from Dutch brandewijn "burnt wine," earlier brand-wijn, so called because it is distilled (compare German cognate Branntwein and Czech palenka "brandy," from paliti "to burn"). Its derivative the Bran-dywine Creek in Pennsylvania was so named after the 1777 Revolutionary War battle by the Dutch explorers for the color of its waters [5];
3. Gin is a "type of distilled drinking alcohol, 1714, shortening of geneva, altered (by influence of the name of the Swiss city, with which it has no connection) from Dutch genever "gin," literally "juniper' (because the alcohol was flavored with its berries), from Old French genevre "the plant juniper' (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *jeniperus, from Latin juniperus "junip. [5];
4. Cognac is "wine produced in Cognac," the region in western France. The sense of "brandy of a superior quality distilled from wines produced in the.Cognac region" [5];
5. Liqueur is "sweetened, flavored alcoholic liquor," 1729, from French liqueur "liquor, liquid," from Old French licor "liquid." ... liquor is the same word but borrowed earlier;
6. Vodka also belongs to the concept "strong drinks" that is borrowed from Russian. It is traditional, strong alcoholic drink distilled from rye, wheat, potatoes, etc. Many people from the World think that Vodka is the symbol of Russia as it is one of its main drinks [2, p.237];
7. Whisky is Gaelic uisge beatha "whisky," literally "water of life,"
According to Barnhart, the Gaelic is probably a loan translation of Latin aqua vitae, which had been applied to intoxicating drinks since early 14c [5].
This unlimited group of lexemes most of which are of French Origin relating to the domains of cookery and strong drinks in particular. The French loans, especially non-equivalent ones, are of particular value in shaping some features of the English language and its influence, which actually turns out to be a major factor of affecting one language (English) by another (Latin-French).
As one can see the prototypical lexical item, relating to the concept of strong drinks might be wine or spirits. However, it is wine that is commonly used in verses by Dowson (XIX century). Roman poets influence his poetry and his poems has long Latin titles. The appearance of neutral wine in his verses is quite natural:
They are not long, the days of wine and roses:
Out of a misty dream
Our path emerges for a while
Within a dream.
As for its "conceptual derivatives" like brandy, cognac or gin we can come across with them in prose:
He clapped his hands for a boy and ordered two gin fizzes. [4, p.89]
The interpretation of lexis within the framework of "strong drinks" proves the fact that such lexical items are used to highlight norms and traditions of social life those days. In most territories of European Russia and Siberia, it is very cold all the year round. The harsh climate explains why the Russians prefer to have vodka or even moonlight or "a strong alcoholic drink that is produced illegally" [3, p.923] rather than wine. Moreover, it also explains why vodka is very popular in Russia while wine is in those countries where climate is mild and where vine is cultivated.
The concept of "soft drinks" imply such lexemes as" Soda», «Pepsi-Cola", "Mead», «Brew", "Mors", "Kvas" and some others.
1. Soda or "carbonated water" is first recorded since 1834, a shortening of soda water (1802) "water into which carbonic acid has been forced under pressure." "It rarely contains soda in any form; but the name originally applied when sodium carbonate was contained ...Since 19c. typically flavored and sweetened with syrups. is as a shortening of terms for "flavored, sweetened soda water".
2. Pepsi cola is a patent filed Sept. 23, 1902, by Caleb D. Bradham, a pharmacist and drugstore owner of New Bern.
3. Kvass is one of the authentic Russian drinks. It is the most popular traditional Russian drink and the oldest one. Kvass is said to be originated in Russia
since 1000AD. Russian fermented drink made from rye or barley. The Russian kvas, means literally "leaven," from Old Church Slavonic kvasu. It is invented for practical purposes, to warm up during Russian harsh winter or to preserve food during the winter season, made from rye flour and bread with malt. Although fermented, kvass is low in alcohol content, making it a suitable drink for all ages.
4. Brew or brazhka is one of the oldest national sour drinks of Russian cuisine. This is a traditional low-alcoholic Russian product, which is prepared by fermentation from barley or rye malt and flour or dry rye bread.
5. Mead, or meadovukha is a low-alcoholic water, honey and yeast with a variety of flavors. In its present form, the drink appeared in the XVIII century in Novgorod. Previously, Mead was a sweet drink consisting of diluted honey in water," it is a favorite beverage of England in the Middle Ages, Middle English mede, from Old English medu.
6. Morse is a summer refreshing and incredibly healthy drink, which is made mostly from berries. Traditionally this drink uses cranberries or cowberries, a blend of black currant, blueberry and raspberry, viburnum and cherry. The berries are boiled in boiling water, squeezed and obtained juice is added with sugar.
7. Russian Kompot is another fruit and berry based drink you may try only in Russian. This traditional local drink is usually prepared with slow-boiled fruits, berries, spices and sugar syrup. The ingredients and toppings may vary according to individual preferences and the season.
Thus, the actual words under each concept are considered to be newly- formed during a definite period and may be assigned to some categories. Most of strong drinks came back from the 12th to the 16th or even the 18th centuries, while soft drinks originated as a rule in the 19-20th centuries, but the Russian ones. They appeared there much earlier. One can notice that most of these lexical units belong to the concept Man or to its subclass Social life. The number of them is great: French wines, Italian wines, etc. But all of them are combined by an explicit reference to "drinks" overlapping with the more concrete "alcohol", "berries", "water". Most of them words appear due to "human technology" through emotions when people "confer upon technology a merely instrumental role by understanding ... communication" [1, p.2].These are emotions that bring 'life' to the experience of those who hear or receive some lexical innovation. If the sound form of a new word does exist in the language, it fosters communicators to identify and compare its meaning with those familiar to them. Its improper context gives rise to the ambiguity of innovation, which in its turn requires, first, its wider context and then its conceptualization. It is acknowledged that extralinguis-tic reality knows only imperceptible gradations. Language is what creates distinctions within a reality that has no boundaries, each in its own way. A separate item of the group reveals its major concept denoting its semantics, pragmatics and socio-cultural sources.
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lent items and culturally dependent loans of the concepts. The Hal-lig&Warterburg system is taken into account in their analyses. As for their meaning, it originates from various components of cultural and social life. The pragmatic component, which is implied in a conceptual framework, includes linguistic values of someone's communicative intention, verbalization of their minds, and experience.Due to them it becomes possible to see not only what is represented in their meaning but also what is actually implied in them
Keywords: conceptual and cultural representation, loan words, non-equivalent, origin, pragmatics
References
1. Hallig and Wartburg: cit.Chijoran: Chitoran D. Elements of English Structural Semantics./ Bucure^ti: Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, 1973. - 269 p
2. Hornby A.S. Oxford Student's Dictionary of Current English. Moscow, Oxford: University Press, 1984,- 769 p,
3. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Pearson Education Limited, 2001. - 1668 p,
4. Maugham S. Stories- М.: Международные отношения, 1996,
5. Online Etymological Dictionary (OED) https://www.etymonline. com/
6. Warner W.B. The Invention of a Public Machine for Revolutionary Emotion: the Boston Committee of Correspondence. Department of English, USB, (electronic version), 2007.
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Thus, close analyses of the above-mentioned lexical units on sociolinguistic and cultural axes make us believe that they represent some mental maps or frames of norms and values of culture. Besides, they reveal an impact of one culture over another that is generated in different languages. As they classify the world and the human experience differently, it is pointed out that the dividing lines do not exist in reality but only in the language. The last is linked to reality through conceptual representation. It reflects the problem and relativity of transformation of realities into conceptual classification. As a result, words like vodka, Coca-Cola, etc. symbolizing traditions and values of some countries enter the word-stock of other languages.
ANALYSING LOGICS OF LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH OF THE CONCEPT «BEVERAGES»
Alpatova S.D.
Griboedov Institute of International Law and Economics
It is highlighted in the article the existence of some kind of balance between cultural and pragmatic components in some non-equiva-
