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For example, the use of high-performance concrete, glass, and composite materials has allowed for the creation of transparent facades, fluid forms, and long-span structures. The development of smart materials, such as thermochromic glass that changes its opacity in response to temperature, has further revolutionized the way architects design buildings that respond dynamically to their environment.
Nanotechnology is also playing an increasingly important role in architecture. By manipulating materials at the molecular level, architects and scientists can create materials with extraordinary properties, such as self-healing concrete or ultra-lightweight carbon nanotubes, which promise to revolutionize the construction industry
4. Conclusion
The synergy between architecture and physics has proven to be an indispensable force in shaping the built environment. As architects continue to push the boundaries of design, they will rely more and more on the principles of physics to create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also structurally sound, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable. The continued advancement of materials science, computational modeling, and building technologies will undoubtedly lead to even more innovative solutions in the years to come.
Future architectural practices will increasingly demand interdisciplinary collaboration between architects, engineers, and physicists, as well as a deeper understanding of how scientific principles can be applied to the design process. In doing so, we will see the emergence of buildings and urban spaces that are not only functional and resilient but also adaptive to the challenges of climate change, resource scarcity, and rapid technological advancements.
References:
1. O'Rourke, M. (2009). The Physics of Building Structures. Springer.
2. Hens, H. (2016). Building Thermal Design: The Principles and Practice of Energy-Efficient Building. Routledge.
3. Kimmell, D., & Evans, C. (2018). Material Innovation: Architecture, Design, and Engineering. Wiley.
4. Sargent, J., & Li, Z. (2014). Acoustics and Architecture: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press.
5. Burry, M. (2011). Architectural Design and Science: The Physics of Building. Wiley.
6. Moussavi, F., & Karam, M. (2019). Parametric Design in Architecture. Thames & Hudson.
7. Hensen, J., & Lamberts, R. (2011). Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation. Routledge.
© Sahedov M., Mametsaliyev R., Toylyyev M. G., 2024
УДК 69
Sahedov O., senior lecturer. Charyyeva K., lecturer. Narmuradov S., student Turkmen state institute of Architecture and construction
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
AN EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE Abstract
The history of architecture is a rich narrative of human civilization, reflecting changes in technology, culture, philosophy, and social organization. From the early shelters of prehistoric humans to the monumental skyscrapers of today, architecture has continually evolved. This article provides a comprehensive examination of
the history of architecture, beginning with prehistoric dwellings, moving through ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and tracing the developments through the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism, the Industrial Revolution, and into modern and contemporary architecture. By exploring the major architectural styles and innovations across various periods, this article aims to illustrate how architecture not only provides shelter but also serves as a cultural and artistic expression of humanity.
Keywords:
architecture, history, ancient civilizations, Gothic, Renaissance, Modernism, industrial revolution,
cultural heritage, architectural styles.
1. Introduction:
Architecture is one of the most profound expressions of human creativity and ingenuity, providing shelter, beauty, and cultural identity. From the first rudimentary shelters made from natural materials to the dazzling and complex buildings of the modern era, architecture has always served both practical and aesthetic purposes. Throughout history, architecture has been influenced by a wide range of factors, including technological innovations, religious beliefs, political structures, and cultural values. The evolution of architectural styles can be seen as a mirror reflecting the changing priorities and worldview of different civilizations.
This article aims to trace the development of architecture from ancient times through to the modern day, focusing on key periods, styles, and architectural landmarks that have shaped the built environment. By examining the cultural, social, and technological contexts of these periods, we can gain a deeper understanding of how architecture functions as both a physical and symbolic manifestation of human progress.
2. Prehistoric Architecture:
The earliest forms of architecture can be traced back to the prehistoric era, when early humans began constructing rudimentary shelters to protect themselves from the elements. These structures, often simple and utilitarian, were made from materials readily available in the environment, such as wood, stone, animal hides, and bones.
In some of the earliest human settlements, such as those found in the caves of Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain, humans created intricate cave paintings that offer insight into their daily lives and belief systems. While these paintings are primarily artistic in nature, they also suggest a deep connection between shelter, environment, and identity.
Stonehenge, constructed around 3000 BCE, is one of the most iconic prehistoric structures. This megalithic stone circle in England is believed to have had religious, astronomical, and ceremonial significance, demonstrating an early understanding of both architectural form and function. The use of large stones to create permanent monuments speaks to the advancement of human skill in construction and the increasing complexity of societal needs.
3. Ancient Architecture:
Mesopotamia, the "cradle of civilization," saw the rise of some of the earliest cities and monumental architecture in history. The Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians all contributed to the development of ancient architectural forms. One of the most notable structures of this period was the ziggurat, a massive stepped pyramid that served as a temple and a center of religious and political power. The Ziggurat of Ur, for example, stands as a testament to the sophistication of early Mesopotamian builders.
The use of mud brick was common in Mesopotamian architecture due to the region's scarcity of natural stone. This led to the development of advanced techniques in mudbrick construction, including the creation of walls, temples, and palaces, which were often elaborately decorated with bas-reliefs and carvings.
Egyptian Architecture:
Egyptian architecture is perhaps best known for its monumental structures, particularly the pyramids. The Great Pyramid of Giza, built during the Fourth Dynasty (around 2570 BCE), is one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World and a marvel of ancient engineering. Egyptian architecture was closely linked to religion and the afterlife, with tombs and temples dedicated to the gods and pharaohs.
The Egyptians were pioneers in the development of architectural elements such as columns, which were often elaborately carved and used to support massive stone structures. Temples like the Temple of Karnak and the Temple of Luxor are prime examples of the grandeur and precision that characterized ancient Egyptian architectural practices.
Greek Architecture:
Greek architecture, particularly the Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BCE), is considered a foundation for Western architectural principles. The Greeks perfected the use of columns, developing three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. These orders influenced the design of temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, which remains an iconic example of classical architecture.
Greek temples were designed to reflect the harmony and order of the universe, with proportions and symmetry being of utmost importance. This focus on balance and proportion became a cornerstone of Western architectural design for centuries to come. Roman Architecture:
Roman architecture inherited and expanded upon Greek principles, particularly the use of arches, vaults, and domes. Romans were masters of engineering, and their advancements in concrete technology allowed them to build massive structures such as the Colosseum, the Pantheon, and the Roman aqueducts. The Pantheon, with its immense dome and oculus, is a marvel of engineering that still influences modern architecture. References:
1. Ching, F.D. K., & Juroszek, S. (2011). A Global History of Architecture. Wiley.
2. Kostof, S. (1995). A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals. Oxford University Press.
3. Sirgy, M. J., & Cornwell, T. (2002). Architectural Influences on Human Behavior: A Historical Perspective. Urban Studies Journal.
4. Scully, V. (1991). The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture. Harper & Row.
5. Fazio, M., Moffett, M., & Wodehouse, L. (2004). A World History of Architecture. McGraw-Hill.
© Sahedov O., Charyyeva K., Narmuradov S., 2024
УДК 69
Джумадурдыев Т. М.,
Декан факультета архитектуры и строительства
Керимов Б. М.,
старший преподаватель факультета архитектуры и строительства
Атаев Я. Ё.,
преподаватель факультета архитектуры и строительства
Мухамметвелиев Ч. Б.,
студент
Туркменский государственный архитектурно-строительный институт
Ашгабат, Туркменистан
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ И ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА АРХИТЕКТУРУ
Аннотация
Современная архитектура претерпевает значительные изменения, ориентируясь на принципы
