CC BY
119
Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 10 No. 2 2014, pp. 5-14 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2014 by Singh and Sunaina
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Allelopathic Stress Produced by Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
N.B. Singh* and Sunaina
Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany,University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002
* Telephone No.: +919455998483 *E-Mail: [email protected]
Received December 4, 2013
The present study deals with in vitro effects of allelochemicals present in leaf and fruit leachate of Momordica charantia in vitro on plant growth and metabolism of Lycopersicon esculentum. Momordica was selected as a donor plant and tomato as recipient. Seeds of tomato were shown in pots and after germination different concentrations viz. 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaf and fruit leachates were applied as treatment. Twenty days old seedlings were harvested for biophysical and biochemical analyses. The root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings decreased in dose dependent manner. The reduction in pigment and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity was concentration dependent. Membrane leakage increased as the concentration of leachates increased. Activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities significantly enhanced under allelopathic stress. Inhibition of various metabolic activities under allelopathic stress resulted in decreased plant growth and development. The fruit leachate of Momordica was more inhibitory than leaf leachate.
Key words: allelopathy, antioxidants, electrolyte leakage, leachates, Momordica
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Allelopathic Stress produced by bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
N.B. Singh* and Sunaina
Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany,University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002
* Telephone No.: +919455998483 *E-Mail: [email protected]
Received December 4, 2Q13
The present study deals with in vitro effects of allelochemicals present in leaf and fruit leachate of Momordica charantia in vitro on plant growth and metabolism of Lycopersicon esculentum. Momordica was selected as a donor plant and tomato as recipient. Seeds of tomato were shown in pots and after germination different concentrations viz. 25, 5Q, 75 and 1QQ% of leaf and fruit leachates were applied as treatment. Twenty days old seedlings were harvested for biophysical and biochemical analyses. The root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings decreased in dose dependent manner. The reduction in pigment and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity was concentration dependent. Membrane leakage increased as the concentration of leachates increased. Activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities significantly enhanced under allelopathic stress. Inhibition of various metabolic activities under allelopathic stress resulted in decreased plant growth and development. The fruit leachate of Momordica was more inhibitory than leaf leachate.
Key words: allelopathy, antioxidants, electrolyte leakage, leachates, Momordica
Abbreviations: CAT, Catalase; DW, Dry weight; EDTA, Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid; EL, Electrolyte leakage; FW, Fresh weight; NBT, Nitro blue tetrazolium; NEDD, N-1-naphthyl-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride; NR, Nitrate reductase; POX, Peroxidase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; SL, Shoot length; RL, Root length
Plants produce various bioactive secondary metabolites which have favourable or unfavourable effects on growth and development of neighbouring plants or microorganisms (Rice, 1984;
Singh et al., 2009). This phenomenon is known as allelopathy and the bioactive secondary metabolites involved are called allelochemicals (Narwal et al., 1997; Singh et al., 2010). Allelopathy
becomes more apparent in crop rotation and in mix or intercropping systems. Allelochemicals are released in the environment as root exudates, plant residues decomposition, leaf leachates and microbial metabolic activity and caused allelopathic stress (Crutchfield et al., 1985). In natural
ecosystems and agro-ecosystems, allelochemicals influence the growth and development of recipient plants (Inderjit and Duck, 2QQ3). Allelochemicals have adverse effects on the target plants and they cause a biotic stress called allelopathic stress. Allelopathins are accumulated in the soil and affect the growth and metabolism of receipient plants (Crut-Ortega et al., 2QQ2). Allelochemicals may also adversely affect the basic characteristic of the soil which in turn affects the growth of the plants (Batish et al., 2QQ2, Singh et al., 2Q1Q). The crop productivity, vegetation pattern and growth were adversely influenced under the allelopathic stress condition (Weir et al., 2QQ4; Singh et al., 2QQ9). Allelochemicals cause alternation in various cellular processes in plants viz. stomatal closure (Barkosky et al., 2QQQ), water balance in plants (Barkosky and Einhellig 2QQ3), membrane permeability (Galindo et al., 1999) and respiration (Abrahim et al., 2QQQ). Reactive oxygen species are generated under stress condition and they cause oxidative damage (Bias et al., 2QQ3; Cruz-Ortega et al., 2QQ2). Plants have a detoxifying defense mechanism to tolerate stress and avoid oxidative damage (Doblinski et al., 2QQ3; Yu and Matsui 1997). Antioxidant defence system includes enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX). SOD, CAT and POX detoxify highly reactive oxygen species (Rubio et al., 2QQ2, Unyayar et al., 2QQ5). Momordica is one of the important medicinal vegetable crops worldwide. It abundantly contains several phenolic compounds viz. gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic acids etc
with allelopathic activities, which are beneficial for human health (Singh et al., 2011).
The aim of the present study was to investigate the allelopathic potential of leaf and fruit leachate of bitter gourd on tomato seedlings. This type of study will help to understand how one vegetable crop which is beneficial for human health can adversely affect other vegetable crop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of leachate
Plants of Momordica charantia were sown and grown to fruiting stage in the Roxburgh Botanical Garden, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (24° 47' and 50° 47' N latitude; 81° 91' and 82° 21' E longitude; 78 m above the sea level). Leaves and fruits were taken for leachate preparation. Leaves and fruits were cut into small pieces and soaked separately in distilled water in the ratio 1:4 (w/v). After 3 days the collected leachate was filtered and centrifuged at 1500g. The supernatant was collected and stored at low temperature to avoid biodegradation. The leachate was used undiluted (100%) and diluted with distilled water to 25, 50 and 75%
concentrations.
Growth and stress treatment
Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. Pusa ruby) were obtained from the certified seed agency of Allahabad, U.P, India. Healthy seeds of tomato were surface sterilized in 0.001 M HgCl2 and washed with double distilled water thoroughly. The 3 seeds were sown in each pot. The experimental pots were divided into two sets. One set was treated with fruit leachate and other set with leaf leachate. After seed germination the treatment of leaf and fruit leachates of different concentrations i.e., 25, 50, 75 and 100% was
applied. The treatment was given in alternate days. Pot treated with distilled water were taken as control. The experiment was conducted in a culture room at a temperature 28 ± 2°C, photoperiod 18/6h, humidity 61±5% and photon flux density 240 ^mol m-2 s-1. 21 days old seedlings were harvested. The first fully expanded leaves were sampled for bioanalyses.
Measurement of pigment and protein content
Chlorophyll of experimental plant was extracted with 80% acetone. The amount of photosynthetic pigments was determined as per the method of Lichtenthaler (1987). Ten mg fresh leaf was
homogenized in 10 mL of 80% acetone and
centrifuged. Supernatant was taken and optical density was measured at 663nm, 645nm and
470nm. Protein content was determined following the method of Lowry et al. (1951). The amount of protein was calculated with reference to standard curve obtained from bovine serum albumin.
Nitrate reductase
Nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity was
assayed by modified procedure of Jaworski (1971) based on incubation of fresh tissue (0.25g) in 4.5 mL medium containing 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 3% (w/v) KNO3 and 5% propanol. About 0.4 mL aliquot was treated with 0.3 mL 3% sulphanilamide in 3 N HCL and 0.3 mL 0.02% N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride (NEDD). The absorbance was measured at 540 nm. NR activity was calculated with a standard curve prepared from NaNO2 and expressed as ^ mol NO2 g-1 FW h-1
Electrolyte leakage
Membrane integrity was measured in terms of electrolyte leakage. Fresh leaves (0.1g) were placed in a vial containing 10 mL of double distilled water
kept in dark for 24h at room temperature. Electrical conductivity (EC1) of the bathing solution was measured at the end of incubation period. The tissue with bathing solution was then heated in water bath at 95°C for 20 min the electrical conductivity (EC2) was again measured after cooling. EL was calculated as percentage of EC1/EC2. Extraction and assay of antioxidant enzymes
Enzyme extract was prepared by homogenizing 500 mg leaves in 10 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The homogenate was filtered and centrifuged at 15000 g at 4° C for 30 min. The supernant was collected and used for measurement of activities of SOD (EC 1.15.11), CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) and POX (EC 1.11.1.7).
SOD activity was estmated by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) photochemical assay method following Beyer and Fridovich (1987). The reaction mixture (4mL) contained 63 ^M NBT, 13 mM methionine, 0.1 mM ethylene diamintetra acetic acid (EDTA), 13 ^M riboflavin, 0.5 M sodium carbonate and 0.5 mL clear supernatant. Test tubes were placed under fluorescent lamps for 30 min and identical unilluminated assay mixture was used as blank. The absorbance was recorded at 560 nm. One unit of enzyme was defined as the amount of enzyme which caused 50% inhibition of NBT reduction.
Catalase activity was assayed as per the method of Cakmak and Marschner (1992). The reaction mixture (2mL) contained 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 10 mM H2O2 and 0.2 mL enzyme extract. The activity was determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of H2O2 for 1min at 240 nm and calculated using extinction coefficient of 39.4 mM-1 cm-1 and expressed as enzyme unit g-1 fresh weight. One unit of CAT was defined as the
amount of enzyme required to oxidize 1 ^M H2O2 min-1'
Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity was assayed following the method by Mc Cune and Galston (1959). Reaction mixture contained 2.0 mL enzyme extract, 2 mL potassium phosphate buffer, 1.0 mL 0.1 N pyrogallol and 0.2 mL 0.02% H2O2 and determined spectrophotometrically at 430 nm. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount which produced an increase of 0.1 OD per minute. Statistical analysis
Standard errors of means were calculated in triplicates. In addition, analysis of variance was carried out for all the data generated from this experiment, employing one way ANOVA test using GPIS software 3.0 (GRAPHPAD California USA).
RESULTS
The results showed the allelopathic potential of Momordica leaf and fruit leachates on tomato seedlings. Both leaf and fruit leachates caused significant alternations in the growth and metabolism of the seedlings. Seedling height and biomass significantly (p<0.001) decreased under allelopathic stress as compared with control. RL, SL and FW and DW significantly decreased in dose dependent manner under both leachates. Maximum reduction was recorded in 100% concentration of leachates as compared with control. Reduction in growth was more prominent under fruit leachate than leaf leachate. Seedlings under control showed maximum growth (Table 1).
Allelochemical stress gradually decreased photosynthetic pigment content in the seedlings. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly (p<0.001) decreased in dose dependent manner in the seedlings under the influence of both leachates.
The minimum amount of pigment content was recorded in 100% concentration of both leaf and fruit leachates. Fruit leachate caused maximum decrease in pigment content as compared with leaf leachate. The seedlings of control group exhibited maximum amount of photosynthetic pigment (Table 2).
Protein gradually reduced in seedlings under all treatments. Both leachates were found to be inhibitory. The inhibition was concentration dependent. Maximum reduction in protein content was recorded in highest concentration of leachates. The seedlings in control exihibited maximum amount of protein content. NR activity was adversely affected under allelopathic stress. Decrease in NR activity was proportional to concentration. The leaf and fruit leachates significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the NR activity with drastic decrease in seedlings treated with highest concentration. Maximum NR activity was recorded in the leaves of the seedlings under control. Allelopathic stress caused membrane damage and electrolyte leakage. Higher concentration of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) which was concentration dependent with maximum in 100% concentration (Tale 3).
Antioxidative defense system consists of an important components viz. SOD, CAT and POX to avoid oxidative damage caused by stress. The activities of antioxidative enzymes were significantly (p<0.001) enhanced under both leaf and fruit leachates. The increase in SOD, CAT and POX activities were concentration dependent. Maximum activities of SOD, CAT and POX were recorded in the seedlings treated with 100% concentration of the leachates (Table 4). The fruit leachate was more phytotoxic than leaf leachate.
Table 1 Allelopathic effects of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica on shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of tomato seedlings.
Treatment Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) FW (g/plant) DW (g/plant)
C 20.5+0.86 27+0.28 9.14+0.23 1.05+0.038
L25 15.2+0.17a 25.5+0.86 7.12+0.29a 0.86+0.004a
L50 10.9+0.23a 23.8+0.11a 6.70+0.30a 0.82+0.016a
L75 10.4+0.08a 23.7+0.72a 6.14+0.14a 0.70+0.002a
L100 9.2+0.43a 20.5+0.86a 4.25+0.33a 0.37+0.002a
F25 6.5+0.46a 23.2+0.14a 6.09+0.09a 0.82+0.001a
F50 5.2+0.11a 22.2+0.72a 5.31+0.30a 0.52+0.017a
F75 4.8+0.14a 19.5+0.86a 4.29+0.31a 0.48+0.028a
F100 4.4+0.05a 15.7+0.14a 3.66+0.05a 0.39+0.011a
Data are mean of three replicates ± SEM. a p<0.001 versus C. C, control, L25, L50, L75, L100 , F25, F50, F75 and F100 are 25%,50%, 75% and 100% concentrations of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica, respectively.
Table 2 Allelopath seedlings ic effects of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica on the pigment contents of tomato
Treatment Chlorophyll a (mg/g FW) Chlorophyll b (mg/g FW) Total chlorophyll (mg/g FW) Carotenoid (mg/g FW)
C 0.89+0.036 0.76+0.030 1.66+0.005 0.72+0.004
L25 0.89+0.013 0.71+0.001c 1.61+0.014 0.69+0.006
L50 0.77+0.025a 0.68+0.006a 1.46+0.019a 0.64+0.010a
L75 0.66+0.002a 0.64+0.009a 1.31+0.011a 0.58+0.001a
L100 0.65+0.033a 0.60+0.009a 1.25+0.023a 0.55+0.014a
F25 0.65+0.031a 0.58+0.019a 1.23+0.012a 0.52+0.024a
F50 0.64+0.005a 0.54+0.004a 1.18+0.001a 0.46+0.002a
F75 0.57+0.006a 0.53+0.015a 1.10+0.009a 0.45+0.008a
F100 0.52+0.014a 0.43+0.015a 0.95+0.030a 0.40+0.002a
Data are mean of three replicates ± SEM. a p<0.001, °p<0.05 versus C. C, control, L25, L50, L75, L100 , F25, F50, F75 and F100 are 25%,50%, 75% and 100% concentrations of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica, respectively.
Table 3 Allelopathic effects of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica on protein and sugar content and nitrate reductase activity of tomato seedlings
Treatment Protein (mg/g FW) NR (^mol NO2 g-1 FW h-1) EC( % )
C 15.45+0.43 38.75+0.72 58.71+0.11
L25 14.1+0.49c 33.25+0.43a 58.76+0.31
L50 13.27+0.04a 26+0.14a 61.19+0.68a
L75 11.75+0.02a 18.37+0.36a 66.21+0.38a
L100 9.25+0.02a 12.87+0.50a 70.64+0.21a
F25 F50 14.1+0.34c 11.95+0.34a 21.25+0.28a 18.62+0.50a 68.56+0.41a 68.92+0.06a
F75 11.52+0.73a 11.12+0.07a 71.37+0.21a
F100 3.32+0.18a 9.5+0.28a 74.23+0.82a
Data are mean of three replicates ± SEM. a p<0.001, cp<0.05 versus C. C, control, L25, L50, L75, L100 , F25, F50, F75 and F100 are 25%,50%, 75% and 100% concentrations of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica, respectively.
Table 4 Allelopathic effects of leaf and fruit seedlings leachates of Momordica on enzymes activity of tomato
Treatment SOD (EU g-1 FW) CAT (EU g-1 FW) POX (EU g-1 FW)
C 18.45+0.42 7.45+0.115 15.02+0.03
L25 22.36+0.91a 9.19+0.002b 20.55+0.26a
L50 27.99+0.48a 11.19+0.885a 28.35+0.82a
L75 31.25+0.58a 12.25+0.923a 33.39+0.40a
L100 38.55+0.51a 12.92+0.346a 39.53+0.76a
F25 21.34+0.19a 7.49+0.057 26.18+0.18a
F50 29.3+0.27a 8.35+0.019 27.63+0.03a
F75 33.54+0.24a 8.77+0.028 30.17+0.37a
F100 38.57+0.76a 9.42+0.057b 39.57+0.71a
Data are mean of three replicates ± SEM. a p<0.001; bP<0.01 versus C. C, control, L25, L50, L75, L100 , F25, F50, F75 and F100 are 25%,50%, 75% and 100% concentrations of leaf and fruit leachates of Momordica, respectively.
DISCUSSION seedlings. Reduction in plant growth under
The results clearly showed that the allelopathic allelopathic stress was previously studied (Batish et
potential of M. charantia on growth of tomato a/., 2006; Singh et a/., 2009, Singh et a/., 2008). In
case of Trianthema portulacastrum and Sicyos deppei aqueous leachate inhibited the plant growth (Randhawa et al., 2002; Romero-Romero et al., 2005). Seedlings growth significantly decreased by increase leachate concentrations. The leaf and fruit leachates of M. charantia adversely affected the growth of the test plant. Tomato seedlings were sensitive to both leachates. In the experiment, we observed reduction in the photosynthetic pigments under allelopathins present in the leachate of donor plant. Similar results were also reported in radish and sorghum (Venkateshwarlu et al., 2001;
Bagavathy and Xavier 2007). Previous studies have indicated, that allelochemicals reduce the accumulation of chlorophyll content (Hejl et al., 1993; Singh et al., 2010). Jia et al., (2008) found that chlorophyll synthesis could be stopped by allelopathy. The reduced chlorophyll content by allelochemical was also reported (Kanchan and Jayachandra 1980; Singh et al., 2010). Oxidative damage, caused by ROS, may cause arrested biosynthesis of pigment or degradation by impaired metabolic processes (Singh et al., 2010).
The protein degradation or inhibition was earlier reported under allelochemical stress (Thaper and Singh, 2006). NR activity decreased in stressed seedlings. NR activity was found to be dependent on energy, e- donor and carbon skeleton which were provided by the process of photosynthesis (Kaiser et al., 1993, Singh et al., 2010). NR activity is induced by substrate regulated absorption of nitrate is also responsible for the decrease of NR activity. Inhibited synthesis of enzymes may be another possible reason for reduction in NRA (Chen and Sung, 1983). Decreased NR activity was also reported in sorghum (Bagavathy and Xavier, 2007) and V. radiata (Tripathi et al., 2000).
The membrane damage is the common mark of allelopathic stress (Singh et al., 2006). The
allelopathins present in the both leachates increased the membrane damage of test plant. Allelochemicals caused disturbance in membrane permeability and diversion of oxygen towards oxidative damage (Nurnberger et al., 1994; Singh et al., 2010). Plants overcome from the oxidative damage by activating the enzymes of antioxidative defense system (Singh et al., 2010).
Under stress condition a number of
antioxidative enzymes increased tremendously to avoid the oxidative damage caused by ROS (Foyer and Noctor, 2003; Singh et al., 2009). These antioxidative enzymes act as stress markers. SOD is considered to be the first line of defense (Gomez et al., 2004). Allelochemicals enhanced the activities of SOD, CAT and POX (Doblinski et al., 2003; Curtze-Ortega, 2002). Present results show that the enzyme activities increased with increasing
concentration of leachates. Decrease in FW, DW, SL and RL of tomato seedlings clearly indicated that the allelopathic nature of Momordica leaf and fruit leachates. This decrease was the manifestation of impaired metabolic activities due to allelochemicals present in the leaf and fruit leachate of donor plant. POX, SOD and CAT activities increased with the free radicals production. Leachate was inhibitorier in its higher concentration (Singh et al., 2008). The reduction in growth and alternation in metabolic processes due to the allelopathic potential of Momordica is accompanied by reduction in the various physiological parameters of treated plants.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study showed that the allelochemicals present in leachates of Momordica leaf and fruit caused deleterious effect on growth
and metabolism of tomato. Results clearly indicated that fruit leachate has more allelopathic potential than leaf leachate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to University Grant Commission, New Delhi and University of Allahabad for providing financial assistance to Sunaina.
REFERENCES
Bagavathy S. and Xavier G.S.A. (2QQ7) Effects of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus globulus on germination and seedling growth of sorghum. Allelopathy J., 20(2), 395-4Q2.
Bais H.P., Vepechedu R., Gilroy S., Callaway R.M. and Vivanco J.M. (2QQ3) Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science, 301, 1377-138Q.
Barkosky R.R. and Einhellig F.A. (2QQ3) Allelopathic interference of plant water relationships by para hydoxybenzoic acid. Bot Bull. Acad. Sin., 44, 53-58
Barkosky R.R., Butler J.L. and Einhellig F.A. (2QQQ) Caffeic acid-induced changes in plant water relationships and photosynthesis in leafy spurge. J Chem. Ecol., 26(9), 2Q95-21Q9.
Batish D.R., Singh H.P., Rana N. and Kohli R.K. (2QQ6) Assessment of allelopathic interference of Chenopodium album through its leachates, debris extracts, rhizosphere and amended soil. Archives of Agr. and Soil Sci., 52, 7Q5-715. Beauchamp C. and Fridovich I. (1971) Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem., 44, 276-287.
Cakmak I. and Marschner H. (1992) Magnesium deficiency and highlight intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate
peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in bean leaves. Plant Physiol., 98, 1222-1227.
Cruz-Ortega R., Ayala-Cordero G. and Anaya A.L. (2QQ2) Allelochemical stress produced by the aqueous leachates of Calicarpa acuminate: effects on roots of bean, maize and tomato. Physiol Plant, 116, 2Q-27.
Doblinski P.M.F., Ferrarese M.L.L., Huber D.A., Scapim C.A., Braccini A.L. and Ferrarese-Filho O. (2QQ3) Peroxidase and lipid peroxidation of soybean roots in response to p-Coumaric and p-Hydroxybenzoic acids. Braz. Arch. Biol. Tech., 46(2), 193-198.
Galindo J.C.G., Hernandez A., Dayan F.E., Te~llez M.R., Macias F.A, Paul R.N. and Duke S.O. (1999) Dehydrozaluzanin C, a natural sesquiterpenolide, causes rapid plasma membrane leakage. Phytochem., 52, 8Q5-813.
Gomez J.M., Jimenez A., Olmos E. and Seveilla F. (2QQ4). Location and effects of long term NaCl stress on superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Puget) chloroplast. J of Experi. Bot., 55, 119-13Q.
Heath R.L. and Packer L. (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 125, 189-198.
Hedge J.E. and Hofreiter B.T. (1962) Estimation of carbohydrate. In:Whistler, R.L. and Be Miller, J.N. (ed.), Methods in carbohydrate chemistry. Academic Press, New York, pp. 17-22.
Jaworski E. (1971) Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 430, 1274-1279.
Kaiser W.M., Spill D. and Glaab J. (1993). Rapid modulation of Nitrate reductase in leaf and
roots: Indirect evidence for the involvement of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Physiol. Planta., 89, 557-562
Lichtenthaler H.K. (1987) Chlorophyll and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In: Packer L, Douce R, editors. Methods Enzymology. Academic Press, Sandiego, pp., 350-382.
Lowry O.H., Rosenbrough R.J., Farr A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275.
Nurnberger T., Nennstiel D., Jabs T., Sacks W.R., Hahlbrock K. and Scheel D. (1994). High affinity binding of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor to parsley plasma membranes triggers multiple defence responses. Cell, 78, 449-460
Rice E.L. (1984) Allelopathy, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Orlando.
Rubio M.C., Gonzalez E.M., Minchin F.R., Webb K.J., Arrese-Igor C., Ramos J. and Becana M. (2002) Effect of water stress on antioxidant enzymes of leaves and nodules of transgenic alfalfa over expressing superoxide dismutases. Physiol. Planta., 115, 531-540.
Singh A., Singh D. and Singh N.B. (2009). Allelochemical stress produced by aqueous leachate of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Plant Growth Regul., 58,163-171.
Singh N.B., Pandey B.N. and Singh A. (2QQ9). Allelopathic effects of Cyperus rotundus extract in vitro and ex vitro on banana. Acta Physiol. Planta., 31, 633-638.
Singh N.B., Singh A. and Singh D. (2QQ8) Autotoxic effects of Lycopersicon esculentum. Allelopathy J, 22(2), 429-442.
Singh U.P., Maurya S., Singh A. and Singh M. (2Q11) Phenolic acid in some Indian cultivars of Momordica charantia and their therapeutic properties. J of Medi. Plants Res., 5(15), 3558-356Q.
Thapar R. and Singh N.B. (2QQ6). Phytotoxic effects of Cassia tora on growth and metabolism of Parthenium hysterophorus L. Allelopathy J, 17, 235-246.
Unyayar S., Keles Y.C. Cekic F.O. (2QQ5) The antioxidative response of two tomato species with different drought tolerances as a result of drought and cadmium stress combinations. Plant Soil Environ., 51(2), 57-64.
Venkateshwarlu G, Ravindra V, Prabha C. (2QQ1) Mangiferin: an allelopathin from mango
(Mangifera indica L.) leaves. Allelopathy J, 8, 221-224.
Weir T.L., Park S.W. and Vivanco J.M. (2QQ4) Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Curr Opin Plant Biol., 7, 472-479.
