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9Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 3 (2016 9) 637-645
УДК 81'37
Actants and Circonstants in the Semantic Situation "Congratulation" in the Chinese Literary Texts and Its Translations
Karine A. Kardash*
Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
Received 20.09.2015, received in revised form 11.12.2015, accepted 17.02.2016
Our study refers to the research of the semantic situation "congratulation" in the communicative act in the Chinese language from the standpoint of translation. We will try to describe the semantic situation "congratulation" with the presented situation participants and compare the original text with two Russian translations. The study of the semantic situation "congratulation" is aimed at analysis of new aspects in the theory and practice of translation and intercultural communication.
Keywords: semantic situation, congratulation, literary text, anthropocentrism, translation, actant, circonstant, cultural worldview.
DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-3-637-645.
Research area: philology.
Introduction
There have been significant changes in linguistics and other humanities recently. The reason is that the scientific paradigm is moving from considering only the language as an independent semiotic system to understanding it as "an anthropological phenomenon" (Kubriakova). The linguistic research is refocusing within a new paradigm called the anthropocentric paradigm.
Anthropocentrism as a special method of research is characterized by the fact that the research objects are studied primarily in their role for a person, according to the purpose in his/her life, according to their functions for the development of the human personality and its improvement. It is being implemented in two directions: 1) "the
person is in the language", when he/she acts as an exponent of consciousness and the translator of cultures, and 2) "the language is in the person", that means the language and culture determine all things (Kubriakova). All these mindsets are related to the study of the following problems of communication and human language: the language and spirit of human activity; language, thinking and consciousness of a person; language and human physiology; language and culture; language and communication; language and values of a person.
The anthropocentric approach puts a person in the main place. The study calls the language the most important property, the way of living. All the texts created by people reflect a trend of
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* Corresponding author E-mail address: karikardash@mail.ru
their thought and the ways of presenting thought processes by means of the language. Within this paradigm, such sciences as cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics and others were formed (Kostomarov). The development of linguistics in this area of study is concerned with the increased interest of researchers to the problem of the relationship of human language and thinking.
Theoretical framework
Contemporary syntax is also focused on the semantic and pragmatic components of communicative expressions, capturing the interesting fields of study in semantics and pragmatics. The semantic language model is predetermined by structure consisting of both subjective and objective reality, forms and processes of thinking. It reflects the person's position in the world. The central concept constructing all aspects of the semantics of statements is the notion of the semantic type of a statement, which comprises the objective and subjective elements of meaning. The statement, no matter how elementary it may be, exists only if the information about the world and objective reality is connected with subjective information coming from the speaker at the moment of communication (Shmeleva). In this regard, anthropocentrism in linguistics is explained by researches as the change of the perspective studies, the formulation of a new object of study -the semantic situation and its model. In the study of the structure of the syntax a key role is given to the semantic situation. The object of this study is situations represented in the literary text and the semantic situation model.
There is an axiom that such kind of research is within the frame of so called cultural linguistics. This science is developing at the intersection of the following disciplines - linguistics and cultural studies. The subject of the cultural linguistics study is the language as a cultural translation of
the information and demonstration of the unique culture of the people, which is reflected and fixed in the language. The language does not exist outside the culture, that is, outside the socially inherited combination of practical skills and ideas that characterize the life of a person (Sapir, 1993, p. 192). The culture of any nationality has a specific national character, and its foundation is based on the national mentality. So the basis is the reflection and embodiment of the national mentality.
Cultural worldview is the result of the fact that in different cultures people perceive, feel and experience the world in their own way and thus they create a unique image of the world, called "picture of the world", or linguistic world view. Cultural worldview is a complex of rational knowledge and understanding of the values, standards, customs, mentality of the own ("our") culture and other ("their") cultures. The knowledge and understanding of the culture of every nation provides identity, so that it is possible to distinguish one culture from another. Iu.M. Lotman compares the concept of culture with the concept of "biosphere" by V.I. Vernadskii: "Culture is a special organization that generates information. The same way as the biosphere reworks lifeless state into living one with the help of solar energy" (Vernadskii), culture, based on the resources of the world, transforms the non-information into the information" (Lotman, 1992, p. 10). Culture is like a two-sided organization that generates information. Alternatively, it can also be called an "intellectual subject" carrying out three tasks: "1) to store and transmit information (since it has communication and memory mechanisms); it has a languages and can form true messages; 2) to implement algorithmic operations on correct conversion of these messages; 3) to form new messages" (Ibid, p. 33). These three main functions of the culture are associated with semiotics. In order to describe
the culture, Iu.M. Lotman took another concept -the semiosphere - the semiotic universe, that is space like the biosphere, without which the semiosis (the generation of the meaning and the interpretation of the sign) can't exist (Ibid, p. 14).
According to M.A. Kulinich's theory, the key components of any culture are standards (the rules developed in the society determining proper or improper behavior in certain situations), values (general point of view includes what most people consider right, good and desirable for themselves), and symbols, the most important of which is the language (Kulinich, 2002, p. 12). There are values at the center of any national culture; they are "surrounded", in turn, by principles, and these are implemented in some standards and regulations (Prokhorov, 2006, p. 20). The language is the main way of transmitting the information. It is universal because it is used in all societies; it plays an important role in maintaining the hierarchic relationships between people.
Discussion
Standards, values, symbols have different forms of realization, for example, they can be realized in holidays. Holidays, as a part of the culture and cultural traditions are reflected in the language. Congratulation as the linguistic expression of the holiday is an elementary communicative action, which describes the extralinguistic reality and the communicative action itself. So the situation "congratulation" can be attributed to the speech etiquette standards and rituals. The situation "congratulation" is a speech situation, so the acquisition of the greeting etiquette is mastering the speech etiquette. That is why we place "congratulation" in the standards of speech etiquette. The semantic situation "congratulation" is included in a group of values, which can be characterized as expressing "politeness".
The literary text is the study source for analyzing the holidays and congratulations. The components of the cultural information are words, phrases, sentences, and other items or pieces of the text, and certain formal and substantial continuum of the whole literary text as well. The certain aesthetic content transfers the literary texts to the literary phenomenon, global and national cultural heritage (Razumovskaya, Tarasenko).
A group of factors affecting the literary texts' translation process is determined by the difference of cultures. "There is often a need for cultural adaptation, so called adaptation of the target language and culture to the translation of the fundamentally foreign language and foreign culture information" (Kazakova, 2006, p. 123). A.L. Semenov points out that "the quality of the translation is often defined by the depth of the translator's knowledge about adequacy, similarities and peculiarities of the text context. However, the context is the product of mixing of some of the concepts in different linguistic cultures" (Semenov, 2000, p. 32). A translator should avoid individual and collective stereotypes of the nation in translating a literary text. The culture is a subject of the translator's analysis and study; as a result the translator must be objective and open-minded to interpreting unfamiliar realities of another ("their") ethnic culture.
Methods
Our study is devoted to the comparative analysis of the semantic situation "congratulation" in the modern Chinese novel "Flowers in the Sea of Evil" by Zeng Bu (1905) and its translation into Russian language by V. Semanov, published in 1990.
We will try to describe the semantic situation "congratulation" with the presented situation participants. According to the basic types of arguments (hereinafter referred to as
actants) of the situation "congratulation" such as agent, addressee, benefactive, instrumentative, causer, causation, object, objective, instrument, partitive, patient, resultative, and subject, we will be able to make a comparative analysis of the semantic situation "congratulation" in the source language - the Chinese language and the target language - Russian, and will present our version of the translation into Russian taking into consideration our research results.
This table demonstrates the semantic situation "congratulation": the situation is associated with the congratulation of the main character, whose name is Wen Qing with his promotion. This situation reflects the following functions of the semantic situation: the reason of the congratulation, the realization of the congratulation, the fact of the communicative act and the result of the congratulations. The performative verb "to congratulate" (##) indicates a microsituation in the complex semantic situation "congratulation" and serves as the background of the semantic situation "congratulation". Our study refers to the research of the semantic situation "congratulation" in the communicative act.
Let us consider a situation of "congratulation" as a complex semantic situation, with all its components and participants. In the situation of "congratulation", as in any other activity, the figure of the Subject is the most significant, without it the realization of this process is impossible. There is no any particular term for the Subject in Russian so we can call it Agent, i.e. the author of the congratulations. "Agent is a producer of an action" (Zolotova, 1988, p. 430). Co-actors or co-agents are friends, comrades, colleagues, relatives, some people participating in the situation by chance. For example, (Wen Qing), AÀ (wife), H^ (a crowd of beggars).
The second compulsive participant of the situation is the recipient of the congratulations.
"The addressee is a component defining a person or more seldom a thing to which the informative, donative or emotive action is addressed" (Zolotov, 1988, p. 430). Our example demonstrates the following addresses: AA (Your Honor), Ш (you), (Cao's wife), ^ (lord).
Let us pay attention to the marked phrases in the Chinese language as in the example: AA^ Ш, ААйЖ. The translation by V. Semanov is: "Поздравляем вашу милость с повышением! Блестящей вам карьеры!" It is worth noting that the Chinese original text does not have any verb of congratulation but the translation has the performative verb "congratulate". There is also a wish in the translation text but it is expressed implicitly: "Блестящей вам карьеры!" According to the rules of etiquette communication, congratulations must be accompanied by the gratitude, but we have noticed none of the greetings is followed with thankful words. The translation also demonstrates this fact. However, there is non-verbal thanks, the recipient responds to the greetings: - ДЖ Ж #», «ШШ Ш S is; "щедро одарил пришедших, написал благодарственное письмо императору".
Actant is the element of the eventful proposition corresponding to the actor or subject in the situation. Circonstant is the action circumstance. Let us consider the actants and the circonstants of the semantic situation in Table 3.
Together with the predicate the presented actants fill the semantic and syntactic valencies of the sentence and the text, constructing the structure of the semantic situation. The predicate is the performative verb "congratulate", but in the original text the predicate is omitted. Let us consider now a schematic semantic situation "congratulation" in the Chinese text as follows:
Agent П^ + Benefactive AA + Causation
^Ш, й Ж.
Agent + Resultative 1--ДЖ Ж #
+ 2 Resultative ШШ ЙШ ii ^ + 3 Resultative
Original Chinese Text Russian Translation by V. Semanov, 1990 Russian Translation by Author
ftiim шмата. шшш A тш. ЯШЙМ^ЙЖ. aifT^faewisT. -±шттш№ ii о -мш?ШМЙ ¡и—Н < зш#±мь тшштш я^; тшжштт:* жшшх. шш. ±ШШ7° шя. mmi: т. - Wff««: -^шшй. йшт-Ш JEfeii: ЩШ smAffifffl. «Жа.Я^еШЖА^Я- - ШШШШ*. "АЛ ?нг\ "ххпж-тт.ш^ё^ххшж. --ЛЖША Оглянувшись, он (Чжуан Юпэй) увидел Цзинь Вэньцина и его друзей, сбившихся в кучку, подошел к ним и сделал общий поклон. - Поздравляю. Я только что из дворца. Для всех вас есть радостные вести. Друзья удивленно смотрели на него, не зная, в чем дело. Чжуан Юпэй вынул из-за голенища маленький конверт, достал оттуда сложенную пополам бумагу и передал ее Цзинь Вэньцину. Все стали читать. В бумаге говорилось: «Такого-то числа получен указ Его Величества: послать Цзинь Вэньцина учебным инспектором в провинцию Цзянсу, Цянь Дуаньминя - учебным инспектором в провинции Шэньси и Ганьсу, Хэ Тайчжэня - учебным инспектором в провинцию Чжэцзян...» Ниже следовал еще ряд лиц, но они не имели к друзьям отношения, поэтому дальше читать не было смысла. Чжуан Юпэй обратился к Чжуан Чжидуну: - По поводу тебя издан особый указ. Ты назначен губернатором провинции Шаньси. - Что ты говоришь?! Не может быть! - изумленно воскликнул Чжуан Чжидун. Лицо Чжуан Юпэя приняло серьезное выражение. - Сын Неба проявил к тебе такое благоволение, которое оказывают раз в тысячелетие! Отныне, брат Чжидун, сбудутся твои мечты, и ты сможешь отплатить императору за его милость. Это назначение радует не только меня, но и весь народ Поднебесной!.. .. .Подъезжая к дому, Цзинь увидел целую толпу попрошаек, которые приветствовали его нестройными возгласами: Поздравляем вашу милость с повышением! Блестящей вам карьеры! Посоветовавшись с женой, Цзинь Вэньцин щедро одарил пришедших, а затем написал благодарственное письмо императору, испрашивая указаний, - короче говоря, сделал все, что полагалось в таких случаях. Не обошлось, разумеется, без прощальных пирушек и проводов. Можно представить себе, как он был занят. После окончания церемонии Лунь Цяо вышел из зала, переоделся, поклонился на четыре стороны, увидел Вэньцина и его товарищей, подошел к ним, и, сделав общий поклон, заявил: «Господа, поздравляю. Друзья мои, я только что из дворца приехал, для каждого из вас есть радостные известия». Все стояли, остолбенев, не зная, что происходит. Лунь Цяо из-за голенища достал маленький конверт, а из конверта пополам сложенный лист бумаги, передал Вэньцину в руки. Вэньцин со всеми вместе начал читать. В письме было написано: Такого-то числа издан императорский указ о том, что Цзинь назначен учебным инспектором в провинцию Цзянси, Цянь Дуаньминь - учебным инспектором в провинции Шаньси и Ганьсу, в провинцию Чжецзян - следует направить Чжу Бо. В письме было еще много имен других людей, которые не имели отношения к остальным, поэтому дальше смысла читать не было. Лунь Цяо обратился к Шоу Сяну: «По поводу тебя издан особый указ, ты назначен губернатором провинции Шаньси». Шоу Сян остолбенел от такой новости: «Не говори ерунду, такого не может быть». Лунь Цяо очень серьезно заявил: «Сам сын Неба проявил к тебе такое благоволение, которое может случиться раз в тысячелетие, брат Шоу Сян, отныне сбудутся твои самые большие мечты, поклонись перед милостью императора. Друзья, не только я лично счастлив, но счастлив и весь простой народ!» Шоу Сян заскромничал и почтительно отвернулся. Вэньцин вернулся домой, около порога его ждала толпа людей, радостно восклицая: «Поздравляем Вашу милость с повышением, желаем Вашему превосходству блестящей карьеры». Вэньцин посоветовался со своей супругой и по порядку начал все готовить. Сначала отправил благодарственное письмо императору, то есть, как и полагается в таких служебных делах, также устроил прощальный обед для гостей, в общем, можно представить, как он был занят.
Original Chinese Text Russian Translation by V. Semanov, 1990 Russian Translation by Author
да ШШЙШШ^П Шо —Й* шмшн, -да , шш mm w» -ш ^ЙШЙо ... Подъезжая к дому, Цзинь увидел целую толпу попрошаек, которые приветствовали его нестройными возгласами: - Поздравляем вашу милость с повышением! Блестящей вам карьеры! Посоветовавшись с женой, Цзинь Вэньцин щедро одарил пришедших, а затем написал благодарственное письмо императору, испрашивая указаний,- короче говоря, сделал все, что полагалось в таких случаях. Не обошлось, разумеется, без прощальных пирушек и проводов. Можно представить себе, как он был занят. Вэньцин вернулся домой, около порога его ждала толпа людей, радостно восклицая: «Поздравляем Вашу милость с повышением, желаем Вашему превосходству блестящей карьеры». Вэньцин посоветовался со своей супругой и по порядку начал все готовить. Сначала отправил благодарственное письмо императору, как и полагается в таких служебных делах, также устроил прощальный обед для гостей, в общем, можно представить, как он был занят.
Table 3. Actants and Circonstants
Type of Actant Chinese Language Russian Translation by V. Semanov, 1990 Author's Translation
AGENT Вэнь Цин Вэньцин
(SUBJECT) AA Жена Жена
толпа попрошаек толпа попрошаек
ADDRESSEE AA Вашу милость Вашу милость, Вашему
(BENEFACTIVE) превосходству
CAUSATION ЯШ с повышением Поздравляем с повышением
йЖ Карьеры Желаем блестящей карьеры
REZULTATIVE —ДЖЖ# одарил пришедших По порядку начал все готовить
ШШШМШН Написал благодарственное письмо императору отправил благодарственное письмо императору
сделал все, что полагалось в таких случаях как и полагается в таких служебных делах
Не обошлось без прощальных пирушек и проводов устроил прощальный обед для гостей
Можно представить себе, как он был занят. Можно представить себе, как он был занят.
Шт Sifr W ЙШ, Resultative 4 —^ M ^ W + Resultative 5
The translated Russian text by the author Vladimir Semanov:
Agent (толпа попрошаек) + Predicate (поздравляем) + Benefactive (вашу милость) Causation + 1 (с повышением)! Causation 2 (блестящей карьеры) + Benefactive (Вам)!
Agent 2 (с женой)+Agent 1 (Цзинь Вэньцин) + 1 Resultative (щедро одарил пришедших) + 2 Resultative (написал благодарственное письмо императору) + Resultative 3 (сделал все). Resultative 4 (прощальные пирушки и проводы). Resultative 5 (был занят).
Our translation:
Agent (Вэньцин) + Predicate 1 (вернулся) + Circonstant place 1 (домой), Circonstant place 2 (около порога) + Subject (толпа людей) + Predicate 2 (радостно восклицая): "Predicate 1 (Поздравляем) + Benefactive (Вашу милость) Causation 1 (с повышением), Predicate 2 (желаем) + Benefactive (Вашему превосходству) + Causation (блестящей карьеры)".
Agent 1 (Вэньцин) + Predicate (посоветовался) Agent 2 (со своей супругой) + Predicate 2 (начал все готовить). Resultative 1 (отправил благодарственное письмо императору), + Resultative 2 (устроил прощальный обед для гостей), Resultative 3 (он был занят).
The actants and circonstants of the semantic situation "congratulation" will be named as: Agent - A, Benefactive - B, Causation - K, Resultative - R, Predicate - P, Circonstant
(locative) - CL, Subject - S. Let us use these notation in our examples and schematically represent the original Chinese text, its translation into Russian and V. Semanov's translation.
Conclusion
Consequently, by analyzing the correlation of the original literary text and its translation into Russian, as well as the author's translation into Russian, the result is the following: the basic model of the semantic situation "congratulation" consists of a set of actants and circonstants. The Chinese original text demonstrates the greeting situation without the predicate "congratulate". But it is perceived as congratulation by native speakers. Therefore, the basic model of the semantic situation "congratulation" is supplemented by certain actants performing the function of congratulations, namely, the predicate "congratulate" in the Russian version.
In order to compare more than one Russian translation, we tried to present our translation into Russian considering all the peculiarities of the cultural standards and rituals of the foreign ("their") culture. Moreover, our translation expressed most accurately the context of the original meaning of the situation, and also saved the melody of the original text retaining the order of the words and closing the gap between "our" and "their" culture. With the extension of these studies the translations may become more precise, taking the reader closer to the Chinese culture, to the Chinese peculiarities of the Chinese language and the literary text itself.
Table 4. Three schemes of the semantic situation "congratulation"
Original Chinese Text Russian Translation by V. Semanov, 1990 Russian Translation by Author
S+P+ CL+A+ "B+K1,B+K2" A1+A2+P+R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 CL+S+P+A+P2: "P+B+K1 ! K2" A2+A1+R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 A+P1+ CL1+ CL2+S+P2: "P1+B+K1, P2+B+K2" A1+P+A2+P2. R1+ R2+R3+R4
It is worth noting that the correct perception, transmission and preservation of all the original national identity are difficult tasks in solving practical and theoretical problems. The successful translation depends on the translator's
background, his/her ability to understand the life and the culture of the researched text. Such kind of syntactic and semantic studies in the aspect of translation make different cultures closer to each other and more respectful of each other.
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Актанты и сирконстанты в семантической ситуации «поздравление» в китайском художественном тексте в аспекте перевода
К.А. Кардаш
Сибирский федеральный университет Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
Данное исследование посвящено изучению семантической ситуации «поздравление» в коммуникативном акте в китайском языке в аспекте перевода. Представим семантическую ситуацию «поздравление» со всеми участниками ситуации и сопоставим художественный текст оригинала на китайском языке с двумя переводами на русский язык. Изучение семантической ситуации «поздравление» позволит открыть новые аспекты перевода в теории и практике перевода, а также в межкультурной коммуникации.
Ключевые слова: семантическая ситуация, художественный текст, поздравление, антропоцентризм, перевод, актант, сирконстант, культурная картина мира.
Научная специальность: 10.00.00 - филологические науки.
