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УДК 340:94(575)
ABOUT MILITARY POSITIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN BUKHARA KHANATE (XVI CENTURY)
Замонов А. Т., руководитель отдела Центра по изучению новейшей истории при Академии наук Республики Узбекистан
This article discusses the research works underway about military-administration management of Bukhara Khanate during the reign of Sheybanide dynasty. In addition, the objectives, functions of military officers were studied based on translations of primary sources.
Key words: administrative-military, military, position, rank, management, tavochi, tug'begi, qo'rboshi, yasovul, naqib, sarkarda (military commander).
It is impossible to consider the history of the Bukhara Khanate without its military-political history from establishment of a centralised state in Mavorounnahr and Khurasan by Muhammad Sheybanikhan until the last years of the history of the Khanate, when the reputation of the military-political officers was very high in state management, social-economic and political life.
According to the complexity of state management, the military positions and titles during the Sheybanide ruling can be divided into two categories: the first - administrative-military positions and the second would include military positions. According to the degree of involvement in military field during wars, the activities of the court could be called military-administrative.
One of the important functions in militaryadministrative management in the Sheybanides state was naqib. While during the Temurides era, naqib used to be a position of those, who cared for religion, commented on the rules of the Sharia, heads of procurement issues of sacred pilgrimage locations and mausoleums [8, p.1072]? at Sheybanides era the naqibs became most close and trusted people of the Khan. They used to be considered as the first adviser to the ruler on internal and foreign policies of the state. Khans used to vest the functions of initiating and continuing wars and studying the military capabilities of enemies on their naqibs. At military meetings, the people holding the position of naqib had the right to be the first to make a speech and express his plan of actions [9,p.326], in most cases, Khan used to make decisions at his advice. During the reign of Abdullakhan II, Khasanhuja Naqib constantly participated at military campaigns and headed certain part of the troops [9, p.293]. The sources even show that military plans were also developed in liaison with Khasanjoja naqib [10,p.210].
The position of Kukaldosh (the direct meaning is "suck the same mother's milk") was also very important. Usually, the social importance of Kukaldosh is understood by somebody sharing the same mother's milk with one of the representatives of the official dynasty. There had been no time before, as the position of Kukaldosh was so high during the reign of Abdullakhan II. The activities of Qulbobo Kukaldosh (1534-1598) facilitated the extremely high level of the
reputation of the position of kukaldosh. In his work "Abdullanoma", Hofiz Tanish brings the following description of Qulbobo by Abdullakhan himself: "Whoever has two more people like Qulbob, such person can conquer any corner of the world any time by his good efforts" [9, p.276,298].
Hunting was an important hobby during the reign of Sheybanid Khans. Therefore, Khans had a position of qushbegi (bird raiser) that had very serious responsibilities at their court.
Functions of such person were raising, keeping and training of hunting animals of Khans and Sultans. In addition, their responsibility included arranging hunting, getting the population of the settlements around the hunt areas to come and assist with their own accommodation and arms in holding hunts by khans and sultans, giving them accommodation and food if they had to stay. Using the language from a source, training "of various hunt birds, hounds and others" was the responsibility of Qushbegis [7,p.47]. "Abdullanoma" contains information that some military commander called Turdi Qushbegi fought at the yarovul (front end guard division) front [9,p.124], and according to the information by tavochi (raBOHH), Muhammad Quliboy qushchi joined the general army with his own troops [9, p.230].
Parvonachi (parvona - permission document) - was responsible for the measurs of delivering the orders, permissions and other official documents to the owners, responsible persons and executors [3,p.244]. During wars they also used to take on the responsibility of leaders. According to Hofiz Tanish's work "Abdullanoma", Navruzbiy Parvonachi participated at every military campaign of Abdullakhan and very often he acted for selection of spots for building Khan's headquarters [10,p.32, 42, 123].
Mushrif - during the era of consideration there was a special administration of mushrif (devoni ashrof), which was a group of official people, who took the records of gifts made by Khans to various reputable and privileged people. During military campaigns, mushrifs took the list of bonuses and gifts to the soldiers and their leaders, who demonstrated special courage.
Dorug'a (qutvol) - (lexical meaning - to squeeze, to press), representatives of towns, provinces or castles, their functions included controlling the territory trusted to them, registration of local population, collecting taxes, and leading the troops of in their territory. During wars, dorug'as used to join the army of the ruler together with troop of their province and led their own divisions at battles.
Munshiy - Khan's secretary, he was responsible for correspondence, for preparing conquer notes when a territory was occupied [9,p.310] also took the registry and inspection of troops [9,p.303].
Mahram - Khan's private servant, whose functions were supervising erecting the tent, khirgoh and tent partition cloth during military campaigns [9,p.150,164]. The farroshes (cleaners) reported to him, who were responsible for erecting the tents [9,p.309].
Bakovul - was Khan's main cook (chef) at the palace, he was also vested the responsibility of catering and paying salaries to the army during military campaigns. In "Abdullanoma" contains a story, when Abdullakhan ordered a commander called Bakovul Do'stim to kill sufficient sheep and distribute plov to the arrested and troops [9,p.189], and to build barriers during siege of a fortress [10,p.36].
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Mirokhur - was an officer, responsible for procurement of horse herds, horses and carts owned by the ruler; they were also called akhtabegi. Mirokhur used to receive the horses, imported as gifts from foreign countries after registration by mushrif [8,p.527]. Study of the sources showed that there is information about Amir Ali mirokur, Iqim mirokhur, Qosim mirokhur, Yodgor mirkhur, Qambar Ali mirokhur, and Husayn Yorakiy mirokhur, who used to be division commanders in the armies of Timurides and Sheybanides.
Abduillakhan II, governor of Shahrisabz) to deliver his secret military plan [9,p.319].
Qushbegi (qo'shchi) - During wars and military campaigns, the army would come to a location and stop to make a position and soldier's location and rested. The army territory would be surrounded by a ditch, while carts would be chained to each other inside he ditch and covered with tree branches and grass to create a temporary fortress [9,p.202]. A special officer to arrange and carry out these measures was called qo'shbegi [5,p.384].
The role of administrative officers, prominent commanders, army leaders (umaro) was very significant in political life and state management of the state. In addition to the positions of chuhraboshi and qurchoboshi (head of armament-ammunition services), there were positions of jibachi, jarchi, qorovulbegi, to'pchiboshi, and tug'begi. In the campaigns of prevention of internal and foreign threat, occupying new lands for colonisation, the number of troops, the degree of their military training/skills, the commanding talents of the army leaders was of great importance. Muhammadyor ibn Arab Qatag'an writes that in Abdullakhan II army all military commanders were Chingizides [5,p.313].
Chuhraboshi - (body guars) in its original meaning "chuhra" meant a division, consisting of sons of nobles and military leaders, and its leader was called chuhraboshi. Men were appointed to chuhraboshi's position owing to their extensive service at military campaigns and their personal loyalty to their Khan. Sometimes, they were vested the function of messengers, in whose function used to deliver secret information/messages to the representatives in provinces or military allies [9,p.319]. For instance, in 1578 Abdullakhon II sent Rahmonquli chuhra og'a to Sahrisabz to visit Isfandiyor sultan (son of Jonibek sultan from Sheybanides, uncle of
No'yon - (prince, great amir, head of district) used to be the leader of a tuman, i.e., army of ten thousand; this position was often given to princes and big amirs. No'yons had right to attend military meetings [10,p.7].
Tug'begi - the guardian of the main flag of Khan's army and supervisor of the flag carriers during military campaigns. In Abdullakhon II campaign to Balkh in 1573, Bikeshbiy tug'begi showed much brevity in siege of Balkh fortress [10,p.123].
Qurchi - Head, i.e., division that guards the mobile armament-ammunititon stores, i.e. qur. While this was a guardian of agricultural lands during Amir Temur times, from XVI century this position changed it functions to be the head of the group that guarded the Horda of Khan, qur (mobile stores of private belongings of Khan and military ammunition, and food provisions) [10,p.280]. In Abdullakhon's army, the commanders like amir Shohi qurchi [9,p.293], Vali qurchi, and Nodir qurchi [9,p.335] were appointed to be responsible fore safeguarding the army's cannons.
To'pchiboshi - was the head of the cannoneers group, used to supervise the canon pouring and firing from cannons. The more the number and importance of the cannoneers and riflemen grew from XVI century, the more
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grew their reputation. In the middle of XVI century, a general to'pboshi used to be appointed to the riflemen and cannoners, who were sent to Sheybanid sultans from Osman Turks. Owing to his special military activity of to'pboshis at battles, the sources of this era mention for several time the names of a number of to'pboshis like Ustod Aliquli [2,p.164,225,230], Mustafo Rumy [2,p.249] Ustod Ruhiy [9,p.243,256,265,276,334] and Mirak yasovul [10,p.39,92]. The people at the level of yasovul were appointed to the position of to'pchiboshi. For example, "Abdullanoma" reads that in July 1582, during concur of Sarbon fortress (Southern Kazakhstan) by Abdullakhan, Mirak yasovul, who substituted Ustod Ruhiy as a to'pboshi, demonstrated special brevity [10,p.84].
Yasovul - ("Yaso" an officer who controls adherence to the laws) was a junior military officer, who fulfilled the instructions of the administrative-military office. In addition, yasovul sued to fulfil private orders of khans [6,p.69]. During military campaigns, they acted as assistants to tavochis to undertake collection/mobilisation of troops from provinces [9,p.318] and bringing the general army into line [9,p.117]. And there also was a position called yurtchi yasovul, who were responsible for positioning of population or troops during their move to other places [4,p.149]. Military commanders used to be promoted to the yasovul's position after the level of chuhra og'asi [9,p.356].
In Bukhara khanate army, a special officer called tavochi (tevachi - means a camel train leader, caravaneer), was responsible for preparations for battles, paying salaries and other organisational issues [4,p.89]). From the second half of the XVI century, tavochi's function were somewhat extended. Before we enumerate tavochi's funcitons, we should note that in sources of XIV-XVI centuries the terms tavochi and jarchi come together side by side. After some analysis of the information in the sources, we draw an understanding that prior to start of any military campaign, tavochis and jarchis used to be set together to provinces and tumans at special instructions of the highest ruler [1,p.412].
Hofiz Tanish's work "Abdullanoma" mentions that a person at the position of tavochi had a number of functions. Partly, at instrucitons by the khan, tavochi used to be sent to surrounding areas to take the responsibility of calling people to military campaigns and collecting/mobilising the army; for instance, "upon esteemed and great order, the tavochis ran to towns and villages and announced to people that the soldiers to start preparations and gather at the greatest place to go with a war to Termez" [9,p.229,319]. Preparation of soldiers for military inspection prior to any military campaign; for instance, "such an urgent order was announced that smart tavochis and soud voiced jarchis should rush to all victory achieved soldiers, and present them to the inspection" [9,p.199]. Upon any threat of siege, move all the population of surrounding villages to the fortress; for instance, "Abdullakhan ordered tavochis "get all the ordinary people, wherever they are and move them to the fortress" [9,p.95]. There were times, when fortresses were long in siege and there was need for aid forces, take on functions of ambassadors (chopar) to inform the allies of the situation; for instance, "The people of the fortress gathered a council and sent Jonbakht tavochi to his highness' (Abdullakhon)'s audience to inform him of the course of events and to ask him for help" [9,p.102]. Distribution of
divisions of troops to their locations, preparation of the battlefield, when the army came close to the enemy's army or to the fortress for siege; for instance, "Tavochis of both armies started prearing the soldiers and battlefield" [9,p.241]; Aligning the troops in order ("they lined them apposite to each other") [9,p.241]; Determination of locations of soldiers or divisions, positioning them as per their functions; for instance "tavochis started decorating the battlefield and put the troops into order, and put everybody in their proper positions" [9,p.112]. Fulfilling chopar's funcitions between divisions of the army, delivering military orders to the leaders of divisions. For instance, "let the tavochis get the order to the amirs and brave men never to leave their tents and never pay attention to the shoutings and cryings of the enemy" [8,p.810]. After victories, delivering of the conquer messages to the centre of the state and provinces (a conquer letter declaring that certain territory has been conquered by one person) (this function actually was vested on the people at the level of mubashshirs, in some cases, when it was necessary to deliver the news fast, tavocis used to fulfil the mubashshir's functions); for instance, "the great tavochis brought this huge happy news to the ears of the population" [9,p.271], "gave conquer letters to tavochis and sent them to surrounding areas" [9,p.357]. Delivering the messages and instructions, associated with holding huntings to relevant level officers; for instance, "Let tavochis get the message to the troops that they gather and prepare for a hunt" [9,p.117].
Together with delivering the orders of the ruler to territorial governors or military commanders, at other times, they used to take on the functions of town and community administration police officers and investigators. The sources show that in the khan administration, they there also existed "the council of tavochis" [8,p.764,1118,1121].
The officer, who was responsible for procurement of the army with armaments was jevachi (jibachi), they were the managers of the armaments stores and responsible for khans' armaments [1,p.411-414]. During military campaigns, they also took the positions of commanders; there is information in the sources that Abdullakhan's Ahmad Qosim jibachi participated at many war battles as a commander of a division [9,p.264].
Promotion of people at military positions to higher levels occurred step-by-step owing to their strategic achievement at battles, and as a result of personal heroism. For instance, in Abdulklkhan II army there was man called Iqim, who served him for many years to start with as a mirokhur, then a tavochi [9,p.346], and who was promoted to a chuhra og'asi position owing to the even that at a battle near Balkh, (July, 1573) he arrested a large group of enemy soldiers, and brought them to khan [9,p.267], later on he became a yasovul, and from 1579 he was promoted to an otaliq's position [9,p.352].
In conclusion we can say that similarly to the times of Ghenghizkhan and Amir timur administrations, during the reign of Sheybanides military positions retained their authorities. Some changes and additions only occurred to the functions.,
Names of military commanders were used together with the position they had or military rank they were given. For instance, in many places of the sources, we see names like Ahmad tavochi, Iqim mirokhur, Mirak yasovul, Mustafo
to'pchibochi, Tursunbobo suvchi (water-irrigation manager), Ahmad Qosim jibachi.
Introduction of new armaments, expansion of military reforms from the XVI century resulted in new positions and ranks in military management (to'pciboshi, rifleman, rekhtagar - canon smelter). Because of the arms used and their importance at battles owing to their successful use, the respect and position of this rank among the official ranks grew higher. Thus, gradually in the following centuries, this led to the state that a to'pchiboshi was appointed commanderin-chief of the Bukhara army
The military art activity was at least partially related with any position holder, and we can see this through the activities of the services of naqibs, ko'kaldosh, otaliq, shig'ovul, eshik og'aboshi, mirokhur, munshiy, bakovl, dasturkhonchi (knonosolor) and khazinachi (treasurer). Generally, in compliance with the requirements of their era, during the years of wars, any office of service of the state, representatives of any type of services took functions of military activities in addition to their direct obligations. Another specific feature of the issue is that people of administrative-military officer had to be busy in military field and run military activities, and during years of peace carried out their functional administration work, in other words - they were not entirely specialised in military industry, which had negative influence to development of military skills.
Источники и литература:
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6. Фазлаллах ибн Рузбихан Исфахани. Михман-наме-йи Бухара (Записки бухарского гостя). Перевод, предисловие и примечания Р.П. Джалиловой. -М, 1976..
7. Шах-Махмуд Чурас. Тарихи (Хроника). / Перевод, пред. и прим. О.Ф.Акимушкина. -Москва. 1976..
8. Giyasiddn Humomiddin Khondamir. Habib us-siyar fi akhbori afrodi boshar. / translation from Persian, authors of foreword by J. Hazratqulov, I. Bekjonov. T.: Uzbekistan, 2013.
9. Hofiz Tanish al-Bukhoriy. Abdullanoma. / Translation from Persian by S. Mirzaev, scientific editor, preparation for publishing, foreword and comments by B. Ahmedov - T.: Sharq, Book 1, 1999.
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Hakimjonov, scientific editor, preparation for publishing, foreword and comments by B. Ahmedov - T.: Sharq, Book 2. 2000.
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